unit 8 carb metabolism Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
exogenous sources of carbs
A
starch, disaccharides, monosaccharides (all further digested into monos)
2
Q
endogenous source of carbs
A
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
3
Q
examples of monosach
A
glucose, fructose galactose
4
Q
maltose is a
A
dissacharide
5
Q
what organ is helpful with blood glucose
A
liver
6
Q
gluconeogenesis def
A
making new glucose
7
Q
glycogenolysis def
A
breakdown of glycogen
8
Q
what are the 4 major pathways for glucose
A
glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis
9
Q
what is used to make glucose
A
3 carbon pyruvate
10
Q
acetyl coa has how many carbons
A
2
11
Q
what are the 5 ways to cataolize glucose or glycogen
A
aerobic glycolysis, anaerobic glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
12
Q
all digestive enzymes belong to class ()
A
class 3-hydrolases
13
Q
what does it mean when an enzyme is classed as a hydrolase
A
means it need water
14
Q
alpha amylase starts where in body
A
mouth
15
Q
what is the amylase in the salivary glands
A
ptyalin
16
Q
what is the general name for amylase
A
alpha amylase
17
Q
where do u find alpha amylase
A
pancreas and salivary glands
18
Q
what does alpha amylase digest
A
starch into glucose, maltose and isomaltose
19
Q
where is disaccharides produced in the body (from digestion)
A
small intestine
20
Q
maltase breaks down
A
maltose = 2 glucose
21
Q
isomaltase breaks down
A
isomaltose = 2 glucose
22
Q
lactase breaks down
A
lactose = glucose + galactose
23
Q
sucrose breaks down
A
sucrose = glucose + fructose
24
Q
how many steps to make glucose to pyruvate
A
10
25
how many steps in Krebs cycle
8
26
besides energy, catabolism of glucose yields (with gluconeogenesis)
amino acid synthesis
27
besides energy, lipid metabolism also yields
nucleotide synthesis
28
besides energy pentose phosphate pathway yields
tetrapyrrole synthesis for pophyrins
29
what 3 pathways synthesize non-essential amino acids
aerobic glycolysis, Krebs, transamination
30
what 3 pathways synthezise lipids from acetyl coa
glycolysis, Krebs, pentose phos path
31
what pathways synthesizes nucleic acids
pentose phosphate pathway
32
what pathways generate glucouronic acid
uronic acid pathway
33
what is the function of glucouronic acid
converts insoluble to solubale compounds in liver
34
two main functions of gluconeogenesis
maintain blood glucose level and stores energy
35
what is the general rule about compound synthesis in the cytosol
reactions where make compounds that are not related to energy production happen in cytosol
36
what is a big difference (2) of aerobic glycolysis and anerobic
uses 02 which is the final acceptor of e.t.c.
37
definition of aerobic glycolysis
metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate for release of energy
38
what 2 process happen in mitochondria
e.t.c and Krebs (directly involed with creation of atp)
39
3 big keys to remember about aerobic glycolysis
1. occurs in cytosol of cell
2. requires NAD+
3. only occurs when there is O2 in the tissue
40
the o2 used in aerobic glycolysis is required directly or indirectly
indirectly: required for e.t.c which generates nad+ needed for glyc
41
in glycolysis how many reactions require energy and produce energy
5 require energy (makes us commit): glucose to triose phosphate
5 produce energy: triose phosphates to pyruvates
42
aerobic glycolysis costs how much atp
2 atp
43
aerobic glyc yields () atp
4 (times 2 cause of other DHAP formed)
44
net atp produced with aer. glyc
2 atp
45
aero glyc yields # nadh
2
46
enzymes with the word kinase means
it phosphorylates
47
what is the order of substrates for aerobic glyc
glucose > G6P > F6P > F1,6BP > G3P AND DHAP (converts to G3P) > 1,3 BPG > 3PG > 2PG >PEP > pyruvate
48
what steps involve atp being dephosphorylated into adp in the aero gly
glucose to G6P
| F6P to F1,6 BP
49
what steps involve Nad+ being hydrogenated into NADH (and phosphate around) in aerobic gly
G3P to 1, 3 BPG
50
what steps in aer gly does ADP get phosphorylated into ATP
1,3 BP to 3PG
| PEP to pyruvate
51
where does aerobic glyc change from energy utilization phase to the energy production phase
production starts when G3P converts to 1,3 BPG
52
what enzyme converts glucose to G6P
glucose kinase
53
what enzyme convers g6p to f6p
phosphoglucose isomerase (glucose 6 ring, fructose 5 ring with 2 branches)
54
what changes enzyme f6p to f1,6bp
pfk-1 (Phosphofructokinase )
55
what enzyme converts f1,6bp to g3p and dhap
aldolase
56
what enzyme converts g3p to 1,3 bpg
[glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate] dehydrogenase (where nad+ is)
57
what enzyme changes 1,3 bpg to 3pg
[phosphoglycerate] kinase (phosphorylatd the adp)
58
what converts 3pg to 2pg
[phosphoglycero] mutase (moved phosphate from carbon 3 to 2)
59
what converts 2pg to pep
enolase
60
what converts pep to pyruvate
pyruvate kinase (of adp)
61
hexokinase is the () for phosphorylation
general enzyme for phosp like fructose galactose, manos
62
hexokinase is a () step
irreversible
63
normal base glucose in blood #
60-100 decilitier
64
how do we keep glucose in the cell
phosphorylate it so get a negative charge so cant pass through membrane
65
glucokinase is enzyme for () in the ()
glucose in the liver
66
phosphorylation cost us () which means we are ()
phosphate/energy so were commited
67
what are g3p and dhap called general term
2 triose phosphorylated products
68
what enzyme helps convert dhap to g3p
trios phosphate ISOMERASE
69
every step before this enzyme can go backwards
triose phosphate isomerase
70
when g3p converts to 1,3 bpg what happens to nad+
it gets reduced into nadh
71
what enzyme is involved in substrate level phosphorylation
phosphoglycerate kinase (cause high energy 1,3 bpg donates p to adp)
72
think of pep as
phosphopyruvate
73
enolase removes () to make pep from 2pg
water molecule
74
what enzyme is second for substrate level phosphorylation
pyruvate kinase (pep to pyruvate)
75
the third substrate level phosphorylation occurs in
citric acid cycle where succinyl -coa to succinate (gdp to gtp)
76
atp synthase (enzyme ) causes what to happen in what pathway
adp to atp in etc
77
creatine (phosphor)kinase causes what rxn and where to happen
phosphocreatine to creatine in skeletal muscle and brain
78
do all kinases make atp
no , they can also consume
79
where is creatine stored
in muscle
80
what is creatine for
its a reserve for phosphate and get atp locally and faster
81
side effect of creatine
weight gain from water
82
what enzyme consumes nadh with anaerobic glycolysis
lactate dehydrogenase
83
how many nadh consumed in anaerobic glyc
2 nadh
84
electron transport chain two functions
make atp in presence of o2
| take electrons from nadh to regenerate nad
85
if there is no o2, () does not get regenerated
nad
86
in anaerobic conditions u keep doing what pathway
glycolysis , never go to Krebs so only make 2 atp insead of 24
87
is lactate to pyruvate a reverse reaction
yes
88
what is created as a side thing from lactate into pyruvate
nadh
89
naturally the cells wants to move towards () energy not () energy
prduce energy not use it (in redocox rxn we move awayf rom energy pathways)
90
Cory cycle is for
recycling lactate in the liver
91
liver is good for gluconeogenesis. it uses () to make glucose
lactate back to pyruvate and then up the chain to make glucose
92
what happens to lactate when conditions return to normal
either converted back to pyruvate or urinated
93
muscle with () fibers with few mitochondria supply enegy rapidly
fast twitch
94
high concentrations of () sustain high rates of glycolysis
lactate dehydrogenase
95
red blood cells don't have () in their cells so that means no () for source of atp
no mitochondria so no oxidation phosphorylation as sourch of atp
96
red blood cells relie on () to provide energy
anaerobic metabolism
97
when does lactate start converting back to pyruvate
when o2 levels rise and the etc cycle converts nadh to nad+ to be used
98
insulin helps cell () glucose
intake
99
what are the regulated steps in glycolysis
glucokinase, hexokinase, pfk, pyruvate kinase
glucose > g6p
f6p > f16bp
pep (phosphoenolpyruvate) > pyruvate
100
when you eat carbs what three enzymes get all increased
glucokinase, pfk, pyruvate kinase
101
when ur in a diabetic/starve state pfk, and pyruvate kinase all () and glucokinase is ()
decrease, gluco is not affected
102
insulin causes a () with gluco, pfk, pyruvate kin
increase
103
activators of pfk are
```
low energy state
amp
pi
f6p,
f2,6bp
```
104
activator of pyruvate kinase
f1,6bp (build up tells the last enzyme to go so we can clear up jam)
105
inhibitor of glucokinase is
g6p (too much product)
106
inhibitor of pfk
citrate (from Krebs)
fatty acid (made in cytosol, from Krebs)
atp
glucagon/camp
107
inhibitor of pyruvate kinase
ALANINE KNOW (a.a. cause pyruvate and N+ from build up of krebs)
atp
glucagon/camp
epinephrine
108
what are the 4 fates of pyruvate in liver
glucose (gluconeogenesis in liver)
acetyl-coA (post glyc, pre Krebs in mitochondria)
L-alanine (transamination: l alanine aminotransferase enzyme)
lactate (anaerobic glyc: lactate dehydrogenase)
109
when pyruvate becomes acetyl coa what are the 2 products
CO2 (cuase lost a carbon)
| Nadh formed for etc
110
where does the pyruvate becomes acetyl coa
in mitochondria
111
conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coa occurs by
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
112
what is the 3 enzymes part of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
pyruvate dehydrogenase KNOW
dihydolipoyl transacetylase
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
113
in order for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to work what coenzymes are needed
```
TPP
lipoate
coASH
FAD
NAD+
```
114
tpp is a inactive form of what
vitamin B1 aka thiamine
115
which coenzyme for pyr dehyd complex would an athlete benefit from to help make acetyl coa
lipoate
116
coASH is derived from what vitamin
B5
117
fad derived from vitamin
B2 aka riboflavin
118
Nad+ derived from vit
B3 aka niacin
119
acetyl coa and nadh+H are
ergogenic (energy makers)
120
in post gyc/pre Krebs () is a metabolic waste product
co2
121
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a () enzyme
regulatory
