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AP Biology 2015-2016 > Unit 8 - Cell Communication (Nervous and Endocrine) > Flashcards

Unit 8 - Cell Communication (Nervous and Endocrine) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 hormones in the pancreas and what do they do?

A

Insulin:Conversion of glucose to glycogen. Glucagon: Conversion of glycogen to glucose.

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2
Q

What is a chemical that can cause schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

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3
Q

What is affected by ion concentrations across a membrane?

A

Electrochemical gradient

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4
Q

Why is homeostasis crucial to the body?

A

Keeps body condition steady

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5
Q

What neuron sends signals from the brain to muscles?

A

Motor neuron

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6
Q

When can a neuron not respond to stimuli?

A

When sodium is volted, causing a refractory period

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7
Q

How does a neurotransmitter work?

A

Released from a neuron to a postsynaptic cell

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8
Q

What hinders myelin?

A

Ranvier nodes

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9
Q

How do reflexes carry charges?

A

They can activate when messages are carried

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10
Q

What comprises myelin?

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

How does a neuron communicate with cells?

A

Synapse

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12
Q

What hormones have a similar dynamic as insulin and glucagon?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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13
Q

How else can integration apply to cell ideas?

A

Integration applies to creating proteins

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14
Q

Why can reflexes be a bad thing?

A

Can be rooted and can lead to bad habits

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15
Q

How does inhibition reach homeostasis?

A

Inhibition inhibits actions, calming the body down.

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16
Q

Why is it important to have a resting potential?

A

Resting potential cools down neurons

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17
Q

How is blood sugar regulated?

A

Blood sugar levels are regulated in a negative feedback loop, which consists of the hormones insulin and glucagon.

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18
Q

How is blood sugar regulated?

A

Blood sugar levels are regulated in a negative feedback loop, which consists of the hormones insulin and glucagon.

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19
Q

What is a cholingeric synapse?

A

A cholingeric synapse is a gap where a neuron that produces acetylcholine sends messages to other neurons or skeletal muscle cells

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20
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

The cardiovascular system is an organ system that allows blood to circulate and transport nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

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21
Q

What is the brain and the longitudinal nerve cord a part of?

A

The central nervous system.

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22
Q

Define transducer and give and example.

A

A transducer is a device that receives energy from one system and transmits it to another. Glycogen phosphorylase receives information from the cell in the form of metabolic signals.

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23
Q

How are action potentials different from graded potentials?

A

Action potentials have a constant magnitude and can regenerate in adjacent regions of the membrane. Action potentials can therefore spread along axon, making them well suited for transmitting a signal over long distances.

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24
Q

Describe the two types of acetylcholine receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.

A

Ionotropic receptors bind acetylcholine released into the synapse and open ion channels in the receiving cell’s membrane. . Metabotropic receptors function using proteins; after acetylcholine binds a receptor at a cholingeric synapse, another protein, called the second messenger, is activated. The second messenger may cause an ion channel to open, or it can induce changes in the cell itself.

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25
Q

What can be effective in preventing the onset of a viral infection in humans?

A

Getting vaccinated.

26
Q

Why do graded potentials decay with distance from their source?

A

Graded potentials induce a small electrical current that leaks out of the neuron as it flows across the membrane.

27
Q

What is the significance of ion channels?

A

Ion channels are pores formed by clusters of specialized proteins that span the membrane. They allow ions to diffuse back and forth across the membrane.

28
Q

How are neuropeptides typically produced?

A

Neuropeptides, which serve as neurotransmitters that operate via metabotropic receptors, are typically produced by cleavage of much larger protein precursors.

29
Q

Describe the chemical synapses.

A

The majority of synapses are chemical synapses, which involves the release of a chemical neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron.

30
Q

Describe hyperpolarization in a resting neuron.

A

In a resting neuron, hyperpolarization results from any stimulus that increases the outflow of positive ions or the inflow of negative ions.

31
Q

Describe depolarization.

A

A reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential is called depolarization.

32
Q

How are sodium channels affected by depolarization?

A

Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins that form ion channels that are activated by changes in electrical membrane potential near the channel. Because the sodium channels are voltage-gated, an increased depolarization causes more sodium channels to open, leading to an even greater flow of current (positive feedback).

33
Q

Where is dopamine released from?

A

The hypothalamus inside the brain.

34
Q

What two forces drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane?

A

A chemical force(ion’s conc. gradient) and electrical force(effect of the membrane potential)

35
Q

What remains relatively constant when animals are acheiving homeostasis?

A

Animals maintain a relatively constant internal environment when the external environment changes significantly.

36
Q

What is inhibition and what is the difference between competative and noncompetative inhibition?

A

A common way cells regulate enzyme activity; competative occurs when there is a competative inhibitor copeting with the substrate for the enzymes active site; noncompetative is when a molecule binds to the allosteric site and changes structure of the enzyme and its ability to bind to its substrate.

37
Q

What releases insulin and what is its affect on the body?

A

It is secreted by beta cells from the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels.

38
Q

What happens during integration?

A

Circuits of neurons in the brain integrate the input and generate action potetials in motor neurons.

39
Q

What is a motor nueron?

A

A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spial cord to muscles or glands.

40
Q

What is myelin?

A

A mixture of mostly lipids creating fatty electrical insulation that helps speed up nerve signals

41
Q

What does dopamine affect?

A

Dopamine affects learning, sleep, mood and attention.

42
Q

What group of neurotransmittters does dopamine belong to?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin are biogenic amines.

43
Q

How is insulin regulated?

A

Insulin is regulated by glucose concentration in the blood.

44
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

It regulates homeostasis and basic survival behaviors.

45
Q

In what direction do ions diffuse?

A

Ions diffuse down its electrochemical gradient.

46
Q

What do myelin sheathes help speed up?

A

Nerve signals

47
Q

What is an example of homeostasis relating to insulin and glucagon secretion from the pancreas?

A

Insulin and glucose have opposing effects that control the concentration of glucose in the blood and keep it in the normal range.

48
Q

What happens during the refractory period?

A

a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation.

49
Q

What the resting potential and what is the relation between the sodium and potassium ions?

A

The resting potential is -70 mV. There are more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside that neuron.

50
Q

What is the function of Salutatory conduction?

A

It increases the conduction velocity of action potentials

51
Q

What is the role of Schwann cells in the nervous system?

A

It wraps around a nerve fiber to form the myelin sheath.

52
Q

How does the sense organ respond to the external stimuli?

A

by conveying impulses to the sensory nervous system

53
Q

What do the sensory receptors respond to?

A

to stimuli and transmit data about them to the brain

54
Q

What role does serotonin play?

A

helps relay messages from one area of the brain to another

55
Q

What does a stimulus do for the brain?

A

evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue.

56
Q

How does the synapse allow a pass between the two nerve cells?

A

through diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

57
Q

What do g-linked receptors activate and interact with?

A

activates a G-protein, and interacts with an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane.

58
Q

What is one example a transducer can receive energy from one system and transmit it?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase receives information from the cell or organism in the form of metabolic signals.

59
Q

How do signal transduction get messages across?

A

It starts with a message and then it has a target cell

60
Q

What does the phosphorylation cascade do for the cell?

A

It’s a phosphate group that carries energy from one chmeical group to the other

61
Q

Cyclic AMP is a seconday messenger that….

A

spreads throughout the cell to target protein kinase

62
Q

How does the ligand work if it can enter the cell?

A

It binds to the receptor to activate the G-proteins

AP Biology 2015-2016 (9 decks)

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