Unit 8: Cell Growth & Division

Question 0

Chromosome

Answer 0

The x-shaped structures in the nucleus of the cell that carry the directions or “recipes” for everything the cell does and makes.

Question 1

Cells divide to…

Answer 1

1. Grow

2. Replace injured cells

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

The individual recipe for making each and every one if your characteristics or traits.
Look like little stripes on chromosome.

Question 3

Chromatin

Answer 3

Unorganized genetic material.

Has all of the same “recipes” that would be found on a chromosome.

Question 4

Chromatid

Answer 4

Half of a single chromosome.
Made up if chromatin.
Held together in the centromere.

Question 5

Mitosis

Answer 5

Part of cell cycle.

Ensures that genetic material and cells produced during CC are identical.

Question 6

Interphase

Answer 6

Occurs IN between mitosis cycles
Growth
DNA replicates

Question 7

Mitosis

Answer 7

The cell and genetic information is divided into TWO cells.

Question 8

Prophase

Answer 8

Part of mitosis
PRO=NO nucleus
Spindle fibers shoot out of the centrioles.

Question 9

Metaphase

Answer 9

Chromosomes lines up in the MIDDLE

Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

Question 10

Anaphase

Answer 10

Chromosomes are pulled apart by spindle fibers.

After metaphase before telophase

Question 11

Telophase

Answer 11

Two new nuclei start to form
Nuclear membrane starts to regrow
Nucleolus reappears
After anaphase

Question 12

Cytokinesis

Answer 12

The cytoplasm pinches in and separates forming two new cells

Half the genetically material it had in prophase

Question 13

Centromere

Answer 13

The point where chromatids form chromosomes

Question 14

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

Answer 14

No nucleus

Usually just one, circular chromosome containing majority of DNA

Question 15

Eukaryotic chromosome

Answer 15

Generally have more DNA than prokaryotes

Generally have multiple chromosomes

Question 16

Histones

Answer 16

Proteins around which DNA coils

Question 17

Nucleosomes

Answer 17

DNA/histone complexes

Packed tightly together

Question 18

The cell cycle

Answer 18

Cell gets bigger
Cells prepare for division
Cell divides into two daughter cells which are genetically identical

Question 19

Prokaryotic cell cycle

Answer 19

Binary fission
Can occur quickly
Asexual
Fibers form between the new chromosomes causing the cell to pinch in

Question 20

Eukaryotic cell cycle

Answer 20

Length of cycle depends on cell
Two parts: interphase and mitosis
Four phases: G1, S, G2 and M

Question 21

PMAT

Answer 21

Phases of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 22

Spindles

Answer 22

Shoot out of centromeres AND centrioles

Question 23

Prometaphase

Answer 23

The time when prophase transitions into metaphase

Begins once nuclear membrane has dissolved

Question 24

What is the order of the cell cycle?

Answer 24

``` Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis ```

Question 25

What does the cell do in cell cycle?

Answer 25

``` Grow Duplicate Grow Separate Divide ```

Question 26

S phase

Answer 26

Synthesis DNA is replicated Twice as much DNA afterwards Chromatin

Question 27

G1

Answer 27

Growth Proteins are made Organelles are made Chromatin

Question 28

G2

Answer 28

Growing organelles and molecules | Chromatin

Question 29

Cyclins

Answer 29

Protein "signal" that regulated when eukaryotic cells start and stop the cell cycles

Question 30

Apoptosis

Answer 30

Programmed cell death Why we have fingers and toes Help shape tissues and structures

Question 31

Benign tumor

Answer 31

Mass of no cancerous cells | Does not spread

Question 32

Malignant tumor

Answer 32

Mass of cancerous cells | Life threatening

Question 33

Metastasis

Answer 33

Malignant tumor can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue

Question 34

Carcinogens

Answer 34

Known substances that cause cancer

Question 35

Flow chart of cancer cells

Answer 35

Cancer cells do not respond to signals that regulate cell growth Form a mass of cells called a tumor May break loose and spread Metastasis

Question 36

Differentiation/specialization

Answer 36

The process of becoming specialized

Question 37

Stem cells

Answer 37

Unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells can develop

Question 38

Totipotent

Answer 38

Able to develop into any type of body

Question 39

Pluripotent

Answer 39

Can develop into most, but not all, types of body cells

Question 40

Blastocyst

Answer 40

Name for hollow ball of cells after 4 days Inner cell mass: embryo Out cells: tissues

Question 41

Mulitpotent

Answer 41

Adult stem cells More limited potential i.e. blood, skin and bone marrow cells