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AP Bio S2 > unit 8 ecology > Flashcards

unit 8 ecology Flashcards

1
Q

ethology

A

how evolutionary processes shape inherited behaviors and the ways that animals respond to specific stimuli

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2
Q

behavior

A

an animals respond to the stimulus
- nature vs nuture (genetic and environmental factors)
- allow for survival and reproduction
- subject to natural selection

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3
Q

proximate cause

A

how a behavior occurs
1. what was the stimulus to cause the behavior?

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4
Q

ultimate cause

A

why a behavior occurs
- how does the behavior help the animal survive and reproduce

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5
Q

innate behavior

A

developmentally fixed
- no effect
- heredity, born, don’t need to learn
- scream, trying to avoid pain

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6
Q

learned behaviors

A

depend on environmental influence
- experiences do affect these behaviors
- high variation in a population

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7
Q

Fixed action patterns (FAPs)

A

a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a stimulus
○ Actions are unchangeable
○ Carried out to completion
○ Triggered by a sign stimulus (external cue)
■ Example: stickleback fish

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8
Q

migration

A

a regular, long-distance change in location
○ Triggered by environmental cues
■ Sun’s position
■ Earth’s magnetic field
■ Celestial cues

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9
Q

signal and examples

A

a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another; animal communication
○ Examples: visual, auditory, tactile, electrical,chemical

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10
Q

Pheromones

A

chemicals emitted by members of a species that can affect other members of the same species

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11
Q

Stimulus response chains

A

when a response to a stimulus serves as the next stimulus for a behavior
● Seen in animal courtships

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12
Q

directed movements

A

movements towards or away from a stimulus

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13
Q

Kinesis

A

a change in the rate of movement or the frequency of turning movements in response to a stimulus; non directional

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14
Q

taxis

A

directional movement towards (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus

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15
Q

imprinting

A

a long-lasting behavioral response to an individual
○ Happens during a sensitive period of development (usually very early in life)
■ Imprinting occurs on the first individual they encounter
● Example: ducks following their mothe

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16
Q

Spatial learning

A

establishing memories based upon the spatial structure of the animal’s surroundings
○ Some animals form a cognitive map or use
landmarks as environmental cues
■ Example: birds finding their hidden nests

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17
Q

Associative learning:

A

the ability to associate one environmental feature with another
○ Example: associating monarch butterflies with a foul taste

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18
Q

Social learning

A

learning through observations and imitations of the observed behaviors
○ Example: chimps breaking open oil palm nuts

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19
Q

Foraging

A

food obtaining behavior
■ Searching for, recognizing, and capturing food
items
● Animals better at foraging will be more
successful in finding food

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20
Q

Altruism

A

selfless behavior
■ Reduces the individual’s fitness, but increases
the fitness of the rest of the population
● Example: naked mole rat colonies have only
one reproducing female (queen), who will
only mate with a few males (kings). The other
nonreproductive members will sacrifice
themselves to protect their queen and kings.

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21
Q

Phototropism

A

a directional response that allows plants to grow towards (and in some cases away from) a source of light

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22
Q

Photoperiodism

A

allows plants to develop in response to day length

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23
Q

Ecosystem

A

the sum of all the organisms living in a given area and the abiotic factors they interact with

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24
Q

biotic vs abiotic

A

Biotic factors: living, or once living, components
of an environment
○ Abiotic factors: nonliving (physical and chemical
properties of the environment)

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25
Q

first two law of thermodynamics

A
  • 1st law: energy can neither be created nor
    destroyed, only transferred
    ■ Law of conservation of mass: chemical elements are continually recycled in the environment
    ○ 2nd law: exchanges of energy increase the entropy of the universe
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26
Q

A net gain in energy results in energy storage or
___ of an organism

A

growth

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27
Q

A net loss of energy results in loss of mass and
eventual ___ of an organism

A

death

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28
Q

Metabolic rate

A

the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
■ Oxygen is used in cellular respiration and CO2 is
produced as a by-product
○ An animal’s metabolic rate is related to its body
mass
■ Smaller organisms = higher metabolic rate
■ Larger organisms = lower metabolic rate

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29
Q

Endotherms

A

use thermal energy from metabolism to maintain body temperatures

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30
Q

ectotherms

A

use external sources (ie sun/shade or other organisms) to regulate their body temperature

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31
Q

energy ____ be recycled

A

cannot
MASS CAN BE RECYCLED

32
Q

Primary producers

A

autotrophs use light energy to synthesize organic compounds
○ Plants, algae, photosynthetic plankton
■ Some organisms are chemosynthetic (vs photosynthetic) meaning they produce food using
the energy created by chemical reactions
● i.e. some bacteria and archaea organisms

33
Q

Heterotrophs

A

rely on autotrophs because they cannot make their own food

34
Q

If energy resources change…

A

so can the number and size of trophic levels (Increase energy, increase trophic levels/size; decrease energy,
decrease trophic levels/size)
■ A change at the producer level can affect the
number and size of the remaining trophic levels

35
Q

primary production

A

: the amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy
○ Primary producers set a “spending limit” for the
entire ecosystems energy budget

36
Q

Secondary production

A

the amount of chemical energy in a consumer’s food that is converted to new biomass
○ The transfer of energy between trophic levels is at
around 10% efficiency

37
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

38
Q

Density

A

the number of individuals per unit area
○ Knowing a population’s density provides more
information about its relationship to the
resources it uses

39
Q

clumped, uniform, random

A

Clumped: individuals gather in patches
○ Uniform: evenly spaced individuals in a
population
■ Can be due to territoriality
○ Random: unpredictable spacing; not common

40
Q

The size of a population is affected by

A

Births/deaths
○ Immigration/emigration

41
Q

describe the population curves

A

Type I curve: low death rate during early/middle
life and high death rate later in life
● Type II curve: constant death rate over the
lifespan of the organism
● Type III curve: high death rate early in life and
lower death rate for those that survive early life

42
Q

Exponential growth model

A

a population living under ideal conditions (ie easy access to food, abundant food, free to reproduce, etc)
○ Population grows rapidly

43
Q

logistic growth model

A

the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population size nears its carrying capacity
○ The density of individuals exceeds the system’s
resource availability

44
Q

three variables affect life history

A
  1. When reproduction begins
  2. How often the organism can reproduce
  3. The number of offspring produced per
    reproductive episode
45
Q

K-selection (density-dependent selection)

A

selection for life history traits that are sensitive to
population density
○ Seen in high density populations that are close
to carrying capacity (K)

46
Q

R-selection (density independent selection)

A

selection for life history traits that maximize
reproductive success
○ Seen in low density populations with little
competition

47
Q

Density-dependent regulation:

A

as a population increases, factors can slow or stop growth by decreasing birth rate and increasing death rate
○ Competition, predation, toxic wastes, territoriality, disease, intrinsic factors (ie reproduction rates)

48
Q

Density-independent regulation

A

factors that exert their influence on population size, but the birth/death rate of a population does not change
○ Weather, climate, natural disasters

49
Q

community

A

a group of populations of different species living closely and capable of interacting

50
Q

Habitat

A

a place of an ecosystem occupied by an organism

51
Q

Ecological niche

A

the role and position a species has in its environment

52
Q

fundamental niche vs realized niche

A

Fundamental niche: the niche potentially
occupied by the species if there were no limiting
factors (predators, competitors, etc)
○ Realized niche: the portion of the niche the species actually occupies

53
Q

Competition

A

-/- relationship where individuals of different species compete for limited resources
○ Competitive exclusion principle: two species
competing for the same resource cannot coexist
permanently
■ The competitor with even a slightly better
advantage will eliminate the inferior competitor

54
Q

Predation

A

+/- relationship where one species (predator) kills and eats the other species (prey)
■ Cryptic coloration: camouflage
■ Batesian mimicry: harmless species mimics a
harmful one
■ Mullerian mimicry: two or more bad-tasting
species resemble each other

55
Q

symbiosis

A

when 2 or more species live in direct contact with one another
○ Parasitism: (+/-) when one organism (parasite)
derives nourishment from another (host)
○ Mutualism: (+/+) when both organisms benefit from
the relationship
○ Commensalism: (+/0) when one organism benefits
and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

56
Q

facilitation

A

+/+ or 0/+) when one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another without intimate association of symbiosis
○ Common in plant species

57
Q

species diversity (biodiversity)

A

the variety of different organisms within a community
○ Species richness: the number of different
species
○ Relative abundance: the number of individuals per species.

58
Q

The main threats to biodiversity are:

A

Habitat loss
■ Invasive species
■ Overharvesting
■ Global change

59
Q

Pathogens

A

disease causing organisms and viruses
○ Pathogens have the most effect on new habitats
or ecosystems with less biodiversity

60
Q

Primary consumers

A

herbivores

61
Q

Secondary consumers

A

carnivores that eat herbivores

62
Q

○ Tertiary consumers

A

carnivores that eat other carnivores

63
Q

○ Decomposers

A

get energy from detritus (nonliving
organic material; leaves, wood, dead organisms)
○ Include fungi and many prokaryotes
○ Important for recycling chemical elements

64
Q

○ Population ecology

A

analyzes the factors that affect population size and how and why it changes over time

65
Q

demography

A

the study of vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

66
Q

herbivory

A

relationship where one organism eats part of a plant or alga

67
Q

keystone species

A

not abundant, species rely on them bc their important ecological niches

68
Q

disturbance

A

an event that changes a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability
- fires, droughts, human activities

69
Q

ecological success

A

the gradual process by which the species composition of a community changes and develops over time after a disturbance

70
Q

primary succession

A

changes on an new habitat that has not been colonized

71
Q

secondary succession

A

changes that clears an existing community but leaves the soil intact
- drought, deforestation

72
Q

examples of habitat loss

A

threat to biodiversity
- clear cutting, cattle gazing, farmland

73
Q

invasive species

A

a nonnative species that can occupy a wide range of habitats and exclude nature species from these habitats

74
Q

overharvesting

A

organisms are harvested faster than their population can rebound
- overfishing
- harvesting of ivory

75
Q

global change

A

reduce the capacity of earth to sustain life
- air/water pollution
- CO2 emissions
- ocean acidification

AP Bio S2 (7 decks)

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