Unit 8 Test Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
Missouri Compromise of 1820
A
A legislative attempt to balance the political power of free and slave states in the United States
- admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state
- established a line north of which slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase.
2
Q
Who was John Brown?
A
- John Brown was an antislavery man (abolitionist) who moved to Kansas to fight slavery and make it a free state
- He killed 5 pro-slavery settlers to show others what would happen if they supported slavery in Kansas, known as the Pottawatomie Massacre.
- He was funded to seize a mountain in Virginia to create a slave insurrection in the South.
3
Q
Kansas-Nebraska Act
A
- Passed in 1854
- A bill introduced by Senator Stephen Douglas that organized the Territory of Nebraska, dividing it into Kansas and Nebraska, and allowing the people of each territory to decide whether to permit or prohibit slavery through popular sovereignty. This act repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had prohibited slavery north of a certain latitude
4
Q
Who was Dred Scott?
A
Dred Scott was an enslaved man in Missouri owned by an army surgeon.
5
Q
Lincoln’s position on slavery, pre-War
A
- Against the expansion of slavery, but he also recognized the existing constitutional limitations on federal intervention in the institution of slavery, where it already existed
- Opposed slavery’s growth, but did not advocate for immediate emancipation
6
Q
The Election of 1860
A
- Lincoln won with a majority of electoral votes but only 2/5 of the fragmented popular vote
- Most of his votes came from Northerners (Republicans)
- Lincoln was a former Whig and was against expanding slavery
- Convention held when they endorsed popular sovereignty, Lincoln won by 40% vote
7
Q
Attack on Fort Sumter
A
- April 12, 1861
South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in December 1860, creating the Confederacy. - Fort Sumter was the US government’s property, and South Carolina stated that they were their own individual country, and they couldn’t be there
- Confederate forces surrounded fort and bombarded it
- 1st battle of the Civil War
8
Q
Secession
A
- Dec. 1860: South Carolina secedes
- By Feb. 1861: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded
- These states meet in Alabama in Feb. and form the Confederate States of America
Formed a Confederacy bc states would have more power - Created a new Constitution which was similar to that of the US, BUT with two big differences
1. Slavery will always be legal
2. No strong central federal government - Elected Jefferson Davis as president (MS senator)
9
Q
Southern pros/cons
A
Pros:
- Defensive war
- Trained officers were from the South
- Cotton: thought that the British + French would support them bc they needed cotton
Cons:
- Lack of factories
- Poor transportation
10
Q
Northern pros/cons
A
Pros:
- 2.5 times population of the South
- Industrial capacity
- Railroad track
Cons:
- Army not well trained
- On offense (invading)
11
Q
Border states
A
- MD, DE, MO, KY
- Lincoln was worried that these states would join the Confederacy, especially MD bc then DC would be fully surrounded by Confederate states
- Lincoln was careful to not make Confederate state angry
- These states never left the Union, although many Confederates lived in these states
12
Q
Anaconda Plan
A
- Blockade Southern states
1. To prevent them from getting the stuff they need
2. To prevent htem from selling goods/making money - Divide the South: Capture the Mississippi and seperate the Confederacy from the east to the west
- Capture Richmond, VA
- Further divide the South by capturing the TN Valley thus separating the north from the south
13
Q
Bull Run
A
- July 21, 1861
- Confederates won
- Severe blow to the Union and to President Lincoln’s confidence in his military officers. It also revealed that the war would not be a brief one
Goal of Confederates: Had enough men for reinforcements and were prepared
Goal of Union: To win but they were not prepared
- 1st major battle of the war
- The union was exhausted after hours of hard, hot fighting, and panicked, so they decided to retreat
However, the Confederates were short on supplies and transportation, so they did not pursue them.
14
Q
Southern cotton embargo
A
- A strategy employed by the Confederate States during the Civil War to gain international recognition and support by withholding cotton exports, particularly to Great Britain and France.
- The Confederacy believed that these European nations were so reliant on Southern cotton that they would be forced to recognize the Confederacy and potentially intervene in the war on their behalf.
- Also known as “King Cotton diplomacy”
15
Q
Antietam
A
- September 17, 1862
- Union won
- Union goal: to halt the Confederate invasion of Maryland and prevent the Confederate army from reaching Washington, D.C.
- Confederate goal: to secretly attack Union territory
- Enormous casualties on both sides- very bloody battle (The day in which the most people died in a war)
- Surprise attack by Confederates but failed
Lincoln removed McLeallan from command for good - This was because he had delayed the attack on confederate troops while the other person in charge(Lee) regrouped his troops.
- He allowed the Confederates to retreat to Virginia.
- Secured a plan for the Union’s victory and helped with the Emancipation Proclamation that eventually ended slavery.
16
Q
How long did the Civil War last?
A
April 12, 1861- April 9, 1865
17
Q
When was the Emancipation Proclamation issued?
A
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863
18
Q
13th Amendment
A
Ratified in 1865
It abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime. This amendment was not very effective because sharecropping replaced slavery, so black people were still being treated poorly.
19
Q
Draft riots
A
- Took place July 1863
- A series of violent disturbances in response to the implementation of the first national draft in the United States, triggered by the Civil War Enrollment Act. The riots, which lasted for five days, were fueled by anger over the draft’s perceived inequity, as it allowed wealthy men to avoid military service by hiring substitutes or paying a fee. The riots also had a strong racial element, with white rioters, primarily Irish immigrants, targeting African Americans, who were not subject to the draft but faced resentment from the working class. The riots resulted in widespread destruction and over 100 deaths, making them the deadliest civil disturbance in U.S. history aside from the Civil War itself
20
Q
Total War Strategy
A
Total War: Sherman’s strategy involved a broader approach to warfare than traditional methods, aiming to break the Confederacy’s ability and will to fight by targeting their economic and social fabric (Wants everyone to feel the horrible effects of the war).
21
Q
Turning point of the war
A
The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863)
- Union victory
- The Union forces successfully repelled Lee’s invasion of the North, halting his advance and forcing his army to retreat
- They both lost a lot of men (Union: lost 23,000 and Confederates: 28,000)
- Issue for Confederates because ⅓ of their population is gone
22
Q
Radical Republicans
A
- A faction within the Republican Party during the Reconstruction era in the United States (1865-1877).
- Advocated for a more stringent approach to Reconstruction, aiming to ensure the full civil and political rights of African Americans in the South. Led by figures like Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, they pushed for legislation to protect these rights, including the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.
23
Q
Reasons why the North won
A
- Had a greater population of people= more soldiers
- More factories/ industry for weapons and resources
- Better ways of transportation along with the ability to send telegraphs
24
Q
Lee’s surrender
A
- April 9, 1865
- Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia, effectively ending the Civil War.
- Surrender terms were lenient, allowing Confederate soldiers to return home and keep their personal property.
- Marked the end of major fighting BUT the war legally ended with a proclmation by President Andrew Johnson on August 20, 1866
25
Lincoln’s asasination
Assassinated on April 14, 1865, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. He was shot in the head while watching a play by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer and actor. Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 a.m. in the Petersen House across the street from the theater.
26
African American soldiers
Approximately 180,000 African American men served in the Union Army during the Civil War, constituting about 10% of the total Union fighting force. Known as United States Colored Troops (USCT), they served in a variety of roles, including infantry, artillery, and non-combat support positions like cooks and laborers. While Black soldiers were initially segregated and often assigned less desirable duties, their bravery and contributions were crucial to the Union war effort.
27
General McClellan
- After the disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, McClellan was tasked with reorganizing the army. He expertly trained the Army of the Potomac, earning the respect and affection of his men.
- While McClellan's victory at Antietam forced Lee to retreat, Lincoln was dissatisfied with his perceived lack of aggression and his failure to pursue Lee.
- Lincoln's frustrations with McClellan's strategy and his perceived inaction led to McClellan's removal from command in November 1862.
28
Clara Barton
- Most honored women in American history. Barton risked her life to bring supplies and support to soldiers in the field during the Civil War. She founded the American Red Cross in 1881, at age 59, and led it for the next 23 years.
- Discovered a better way of treating patients (prioritizing the more severe cases)
29
What happened to John Brown on October 1959? Result?
Brown and 18 of his followers launched an attack and claimed control of a U.S. arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
His plan didn’t work out, and he was captured, tried for treason, and sentenced to death.
30
What was the result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Bleeding Kansas, 1856
- Wanted a railroad going west. So, he needed Kansas and Nebraska to become states
Creates two potential new states, and when they become states, they will use popular sovereignty to decide if they are free or slave states.
- Kansas is the first state to enter
*Slaves and antislaves rush to Kansas to decide whether Kansas is slave or free
results in Bleeding Kansas
*Bleeding Kansas was a large fight between Slave and antislavery people over land and whether Kansas would be a slave or free state.
31
Why and when did Dred Scott sue his slaveholder's widow?
1846
The army surgeon had taken Scott into Illinois and Wisconsin, where slavery was illegal. Scott sued his slaveholder's widow for limiting his freedom on territory that had been liberated from slavery.
32
What happened in Dred Scott's court case in 1850?
The circuit court declared Scott free. However, John Sanford - the widow's brother- claimed ownership of Scott and appealed the circuit court ruling to the Supreme Court.
33
What did the court rule in Dred Scott's case?
Declared that slaves were property and that Congress prohibited taking property without “due process of law,” so therefore, Congress had no authority to pass a law depriving people of their slave property in certain territories.
- Ruled slavery to be legal
- Missouri Compromise line no longer applies
34
Sherman's March to the Sea
November 15, 1864:
- Sherman and his forces lived off the land while destroying military targets, infrastructure, and civilian property to disrupt the Confederacy's economy and transportation networks.
- He broke the will of the southern people and burned towns and plantations along the journey
- Wanted to make life hard for civilians
This is so that these people will want to stop the war
35
Why did Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede from the Union?
Because Lincoln was elected in Nov 1860 & Southern states were convinced he would abolish slavery.
36
What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
1. Freed slaves only in areas of rebellion (slavery would continue in the south bc they thought they were a separate country and therefore thought they didn’t have to abide to the law)
2. Created to increase pressure on the South, keep abolitionists happy, and those who didn’t care about slavery as an issue
- NOT very successful
- Helps create the 13th Amendment
