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AP Psychology > Unit 9: Clinical/Abnormal Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 9: Clinical/Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Psychological Disorder

A

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

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2
Q

What does the word maladaptive mean?

A

To interfere with normal day-to-day life

Synonyms: Dysfunctional, disturbed
Example: Cleaning rituals

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3
Q

What is the controversy between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A

Wondering if the growing number of A.D.H.D cases due to overdiagnosis or increased awareness of the disorder.

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4
Q

What is a Medical Model?

A

A set of procedures that hold the concept in which diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured.

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5
Q

What is D.S.M?
Hint: To be diagnosed with insomnia, a person must meet all of a list of symptoms of criteria.

A

D.S.M stands for The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition;
A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
The BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL approach assumes that three sets of influences- biological, psychological, and sociocultural interact to produce certain disorders.

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6
Q

Who is Rosenhan?

A

The Rosenhan study, named after David Rosenhan, led to light that a label can “have a life and an influence of its own”

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7
Q

What are Anxiety Disorders?

A

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

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8
Q

What is G.A.D, or Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

An anxiety disorder marked by pathological worrying, a persistence of six or more months of a person being continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

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9
Q

What is Panic Disorder?

A

An anxiety disorder, marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

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10
Q

What does it mean to be Phobic?

A

Another anxiety disorder; to have an irrational, persistent fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation. Not a ll phobias have a specific trigger.

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11
Q

What is Social Anxiety Disorder?

A

Says it in the name, another anxiety disorder that includes an intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such, formerly known as social phobia.

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12
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A

A fear or avoidance of situations, often social ones, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

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13
Q

What is O.C.D, or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

A

ANOTHER anxiety disorder that is characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, (the obsessions part) and/or actions (the compulsions part).

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14
Q

What is P.T.S.D, or post-traumatic stress disorder?

A

Yet once more an anxiety disorder followed by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

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15
Q

What is Post-traumatic Growth?

A

POSITIVE psychological changes that are a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

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16
Q

What is a Mood Disorder?
Hint: Major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar depressive disorder

A

Psychological disorder characterized by emotional extremes

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17
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

A

Mood disorder that entails of two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of them being a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure (in the absence of drugs or another medical conditions).

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18
Q

What is Mania?

A

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

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19
Q

What is Bipolar Disorder?
Hint: Formerly known as the manic-depressive disorder

A

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness, lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania, formerly known as manic-depressive disorder.

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20
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

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21
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

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22
Q

What are delusions?

A

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

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23
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

False sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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24
Q

What is S.S.D, or Somatic Symptom Disorder?

A

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
Example: Conversion disorder and illness anxiety disorder

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25
Q

What is Conversion Disorder?
Hint: Also known as functional neurological disorder

A

A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder.

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26
Q

What is Illness Anxiety Disorder?
Hint: Formerly called hypochondriasis.

A

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease, formerly called hypochondriasis.

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27
Q

What is Dissociative Disorder?

A

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

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28
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Hint: Formerly known as multiple personlity disorder

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder.

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29
Q

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A

An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight.

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30
Q

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

A

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging (examples include excessive exercise, fasting, or throwing up).

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31
Q

What is a Binge-Eating Disorder?

A

A significant amount of binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

32
Q

What is Personality Disorder?

A

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behaviour patterns that impair social functioning.

33
Q

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Hint: May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist, part of Cluster three.

A

A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members.

34
Q

What is an example of a maladaptive characteristic?

A

Avoidance, withdrawal, and passive aggression

35
Q

In earlier times, people thought the cause of disorders were ________________

A

(1) Possession, work of the devil.

36
Q

Psychologists believe that the biopsychosocial approach of __(1)__ is the cause of disorders, the evidence being __(2)__.

A

(1) looking at a person’s interaction of nature and nurture, is the cause of disorders.

(1a) Other contributors could be the difficulty of a person’s environment, the person’s current interpretations of events, or the persons bad habits and their poor social skills.

(2) Links between specific disorders and cultures. examples being eating disorders mostly occurring in Western culture, Malaysia, amok, a sudden outburst in violent behavior, not all disorders are culture bound though.

37
Q

The D.S.M-5 is used for __(1)__

A

(1) guide medical diagnoses and define who is eligible for treatments, including medication.

38
Q

What disorders have changed in the new edistion of the DSM?

A

Autism and Aspergers’s syndrome => autism spectrum disorder

Mental retardation => intellectual disability

New categories include hoarding disorder, binge-eating disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

39
Q

What do critics say against the DSM?

A

That labels are at best arbitrary and at worst value judgements masquerading as science. That once we label a person, we view that person differently.

40
Q

The layout of the Rosenhaun study was :

A

David Rosenhan and seven others went to hospital admissions offices, complaining of hearing voices saying “empty, hollow and thud”, but aside from this, answering questions truthfully, all eight being misdiagnosed with disorders. Then the patients stopped “exhibiting” symptoms after 19 days, but clinicians were still able to “discover” causes of said disorders, such as reacting with mixed reactions when asked about a particular parent.

41
Q

What CAN happen when we label a person with a disorder?
Hint: An ex-convict applying for a job.

A

The stigma of the label can make life more difficult for someone.

42
Q

What are the benefits of diagnostic labeling?

A

It helps professionals communicate about their mental health cases, comprehend the underlying causes, and discern effective treatment programs, they also allow for a patient to self-understand, and are useful in research that explores the causes and treatments of disordered behavior.

43
Q

What percentage of adults in America suffer from a mental disorder in a given year?

A

26.2% of the population

43
Q

What are FIVE risk factors for mental disorders?

A

A Family history of mental health problems.
B Complications during pregnancy or birth.
C Personal history of Traumatic Brain Injury.
D Chronic medical condition such as cancer or diabetes, especially hypothyroidism or other brain-related illness such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s.
E Use of alcohol or drugs

44
Q

What does it mean that the anxiety of GAD is free-floating?

A

That the person may not be abe to identify and therefore deal with or avoid its cause.

45
Q

When does OCD cross the line between normal (negligible) and disorder?

A

When they persistently interfere with everyday living and cause distress.

46
Q

What were old names for PTSD?

A

Shellshock, battle fatigue.

47
Q

What determines whether a person suffers PTSD after a traumatic event?

A

The greater the emotional distress during the trauma, the higher the risk for P.T.S.D.

48
Q

Causes of Anxiety Disorders such as O.C.D and P.T.S.D include

A

Overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors
O.C.D: elevated activity in the brains frontal area

49
Q

How do we learn fear from the learning perspective?

A

Learning perspective sdays that disorders such as PTSD or OCD are products of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, fear-ful behavior reinforcement, and observational learning of other fears and cognitions.

50
Q

What is an example of an anxiety disorder that might have been passed down from our biological ancestors?

A

The biological perspective considers the role that fears of life-threatning animals, objects, or situations played in natural selection and evolution; genetic predispositions for high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitter production; and abnormal responses to the brain’s fear circuits, so an example of this would be natural selection

51
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters might be involved in anxiety?

A

Norepinephrine and serotonin.

52
Q

What could be some biological reasons to developing depression after traumatic events?

A

It’s like psychic hibernation to protect ourselves. It slows us down, avoids attracting predators, restraints futile effort, and evoke support.

53
Q

What are the 6 symptoms of depression?

A

1) Problems regulating appetite
2) Problems regulating sleep
3) Low energy
4) Low self-esteem
5) Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
6) Feelings of hopelessness

54
Q

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A

Child and adolescent bipolar diagnoses.

55
Q

What sex is more vulnerable to depression?

A

Females, they are at risk nearly double of what a male is.

56
Q

What neurotransmitter is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania?

A

Norepinephrine
The frontal lobe and adjacent brain reward center in high activity when mania high but no activity when depression low.

57
Q

What SECOND neurotransmitter is also probably involved in depression?

A

Serotonin.

58
Q

Why does excessive alcohol use correlate with depression?

A

Because it isn’t part of a healthy Mediterranean diet, alcohol misuse leads to depression.

59
Q

Give 3 examples of the kinds of thought patterns people with depression have?

A

Stable: I’ll never get over this
Global: Without said factor, I can’t do anything right
Internal: This is my fault only

60
Q

What is an example of delusion?

A

Persecution where there is absence of such.

61
Q

What is a word salad?

A

Jumbled ideas within sentences.

62
Q

What is an example of a hallucination?

A

Hearing voices that aren’t there.

63
Q

What does it mean that disorganized thoughts may stem from a breakdown in selective attention?

A

in a relatively mentally healthy patient, humans have a remarkable capacity for giving out undivided attention to one set of sensory stimuli whilst filtering out others, but those with schizophrenia cannot do this. Selective attention difficulty is but one of dozens of cognitive differences associated with schizophrenia.

64
Q

What is a flat effect?

A

An emotionless state.

65
Q

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations, talking in disorganized or deluded ways, and exhibiting inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage.

66
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute of rigid bodies.

67
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Presence of inappropriate behaviors.

68
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Absence of appropriate behaviors.

69
Q

What neurotransmitter is linked to schizophrenia?

A

Excessive dopamine.

70
Q

What parts of the brain are affected by schizophrenia?

A

Low brain activity in the frontal lobes, a decline in brain waves, thalamus, and amygdala.

71
Q

DID, formerly known as __(1)__, is a disorder that not many believe to be valid because __(2)__, however, __(3)__ has contradicted that claim.

A

(1) multiple personality disorder
(2)
(3) support for the views on the distinct brain an body states associated with differing personlities
There is shifting visual activity and eye-muscle balance as patients switched personlities, changes that didn occur in the control group.

72
Q

What are 2 examples of a family environment contributing to a role in eating disorders?

A

Mothers of girls with eatinf disorders tending to focus on their own weight and on their daughters weight and appearance
- families of bulemia patients having ahigher than ususal incidence of childhood and obesity and negative self evalutatyion
- fmiles of anorexia patients tending to be competitece, high achieving anf protective

73
Q

Who is most vulnerable to an eating disorder?

A

females, usually adolescents or 9/10 females

74
Q

What does each cluster of personality disorders focus on?

A

Cluster one
Anxiety, avoidant personality disorder
Cluster two
Eccentric or odd behaviors, schizoid personality disorder
Cluster three
Dramatic or impulsive behaviors,
histronic personality disorder or narcissist personality disorder

75
Q

Criminals DON’T have an antisocial personality disorder because __(1)__

A

(1) Because they exhibit a sense of conscience and responsibilty in other areas of their life

76
Q

Is there a genetic link for antisocial personality disorder?

A

Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder.

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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