Unit 9 - Development

Question 1

longitudinal design

Answer 1

one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages

Question 2

cross-sectional design

Answer 2

several different age-groups are studied at one time

Question 3

cross-sequential design

Answer 3

different participants of various ages are compared at several points in time

Question 4

cohort effect

Answer 4

particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or life experience

Question 5

stages of pregnancy

Answer 5

germinal
embryonic
fetal

Question 6

teratogen

Answer 6

any substance that causes a birth defect (drug, chemical, virus, etc.)

Question 7

5 infant reflexes

Answer 7

grasping
startle
rooting
stepping
sucking

Question 8

6 motor milestones

Answer 8

raising head and chest (2-4 months)
rolling over (2-5 months)
sitting up with support (4-6 months)
sitting up without support (6-7 months)
crawling (7-8 months)
walking (8-18 months)

Question 9

accomodation

Answer 9

altering/adjusting old schemas to fit new information

Question 10

assimilation

Answer 10

trying to understand something with the schema one already had

Question 11

object permanence

Answer 11

knowledge that object exists even when not in sight

Question 12

animism

Answer 12

belief that everything is alive

Question 13

egocentrism

Answer 13

inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes but theirs

Question 14

centration

Answer 14

focusing only on one feature of some object instead of taking all features into consideration

Question 15

conservation

Answer 15

ability to understand that altering the appearance of something doesn’t have to change its amount

Question 16

irreversibility

Answer 16

unable to “mentally reverse” actions

Question 17

concrete concepts

Answer 17

objects, written rules, real things…

Question 18

abstract concepts

Answer 18

no physical reality

Question 19

Piaget’s cognitive development stages

Answer 19

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

Question 20

sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

0-2 years
senses
achieving object permanence

Question 21

preoperational stage

Answer 21

2-7 years
symbolic thinking (language, no operations/reversible logic)
egocentrism, animism

Question 22

concrete operational stage

Answer 22

7-11 years
thinking logically, obsessed with rules
conservation

Question 23

formal operations stage

Answer 23

11+ years
hypothetical thinking (moral reasoning)
adolescent egocentrism (personal fable & imaginary audience)

Question 24

scaffolding

Answer 24

helping by asking leading questions and providing examples of concepts

Question 25

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 25

difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do with the help of a teacher

Question 26

stages of language development

Answer 26

``` cooing babbling one-word speech telegraphic speech whole sentences ```

Question 27

temperament

Answer 27

behavioral and emotional characteristics that are fairly well established at birth

Question 28

easy temperament

Answer 28

regular schedules of waking/sleeping/eating; adaptable to change; happy

Question 29

difficult temperament

Answer 29

irregular schedules; unhappy with change; crabby; loud/active

Question 30

slow to warm up temperament

Answer 30

slow to adapt to change; quiet; less grumpy; pretty regular schedules

Question 31

attachment

Answer 31

emotional bond that forms between infant and primary caregiver

Question 32

Mary Ainsworth's "Strange Situation"

Answer 32

securely attached: - explores, returns to mom periodically, calm w stranger and mom, sad when mom gone, easily soothed when mom returns avoidant: - no interest/concern for mother or stranger, didn't "touch base" anxious/ambivalent: - clingy, not exploring, upset by stranger, didn't want mom to leave, mixed reaction to mom returning

Question 33

imprinting

Answer 33

how infant animals attach themselves to/follow the first animal/person they see immediately after birth

Question 34

contact comfort

Answer 34

monkeys attached to something soft to the touch

Question 35

3 aspects of attachment

Answer 35

``` familiarity: - mere-exposure effect - imprinting body contact: - Harlow experiment responsiveness: - Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" ```

Question 36

Kohlberg's levels of morality

Answer 36

preconventional (reinforcement/punishment) conventional (society's rules) postconventional (abstract ideas, ethical/moral principles)

Question 37

Erikson's psychosocial stages of development

Answer 37

``` trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame/doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair ```

Question 38

3 parenting styles

Answer 38

permissive - lets kid call the shots; neglectful authoritarian - strict; constantly laying down the law authoritative - democracy; not overbearing

Question 39

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross' stages of death and dying

Answer 39

``` denial anger bargaining depression acceptance ```

Question 40

theories of physical and psychological aging

Answer 40

cellular-clock theory wear-and-tear theory free-radical theory activity theory

Question 41

cellular-clock theory

Answer 41

cells are limited in number of times they can reproduce to repair damage; when telomeres (on ends of chromosomes) are too short the cells can't reproduce and damage accumulates, resulting in effects of aging

Question 42

wear-and-tear theory

Answer 42

outside influences (stress, physical exertion, bodily damage) cause body's organs and cell tissues to wear out with repeated use and abuse; damaged tissues accumulate and produce the effects of aging

Question 43

free-radical theory

Answer 43

biological explanation for damage done to cells over time; free radicals are oxygen molecules that have unstable electron that bounces around cell, stealing electrons from other molecules and increasing damage to structures inside cell; as people age more free radicals do more damage, producing effects of aging

Question 44

activity theory

Answer 44

elderly person adjusts more positively to aging when remaining active in some way (volunteering, hobbies, friendships, social activities)