Unit 9: Evidence of Evolution

Question 1

What are examples of adaptations that help prove evolution?

Answer 1

1.) Antibiotic resistance
2.) Weeds and insects that have become
resistant to pesticides
3.) Flea and tick resistance to medications
4.) Peppered Moths of England

Question 2

Besides adaptation what is evidence of evolution?

Answer 2

1.) Fossils
2.) Anatomy
3.) Embryology
4.) Biochemistry

Question 3

What are fossils?

Answer 3

preserved remains of an ancient organism

Question 4

How can the age of a fossil be determined?

Answer 4

Relative dating, Radioactive dating

Question 5

Are the oldest fossils at the top of bottom?

Answer 5

Bottom

Question 6

What can fossils provide us evidence about?

Answer 6

1.) The anatomy (size, shape, bone structure)

2.) Where an organism once lived (habitat)

3.) What an organism ate

Question 7

What is anatomy?

Answer 7

The bone and organ structure of an organism

Question 8

What is a homologous structure?

Answer 8

Structure with a common evolutionary origin

Same bone arrangement, same function, or both

Organisms with homologous structure share a common ancestor

Question 9

What is a analogous structure?

Answer 9

Structure that do not have a common evolutionary origin

Not similar in bone arrangement, but similar in function

Organisms with analogous structures have different ancestors

Question 10

What are examples of homologous structures?

Answer 10

Lizard, bird, human, Whale

Question 11

What are examples of analogous structures?

Answer 11

Whale, turtle, Fish, Penguin

Question 12

What is vestigual structure?

Answer 12

a structure in a present day organism that no longer has a purpose, but was probably useful to an ancestor

Question 13

What are vestigual structures in humans?

Answer 13

1.) Appendix
2.) Tail bone
3.) Goosebumps
4.) Wisdom teeth

Question 14

What is embryology?

Answer 14

the earliest stage of growth and development in an animal

Question 15

What is biochemistry?

Answer 15

Using biological molecules to see evolutionary relationships

Similar patterns
in Proteins and Amino Acids

Question 16

What do Phylogenic trees show?

Answer 16

evolutionary relationships based on DNA similarities.

Question 17

What’s a synonym for adaptation?

Answer 17

Variation

Question 18

What will increase or decrease an organism’s chances of survival in an environment?

Answer 18

Some variations (adaptations)

Question 19

What are the 3 different types of Natural Selection that act on variations?

Answer 19

1.) Stabilizing

2.) Directional

3.) Disruptive

Question 20

What is stabilizing selection?

Answer 20

Favors AVERAGE individuals

Reduces variation in a population of organisms

Medium colored shells are favored and light and dark shells are reduced!

Question 21

What is directional selection?

Answer 21

Favors one of the extreme variations

Example: Dark shells survive

Question 22

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 22

Favors both extremes of a variation

2 new species evolve

Example: Light and dark shells survive

Question 23

Starlings produce an average of five eggs in each clutch. If there are more than five, the parents cannot adequately feed the young. If there are fewer than five, predators may destroy the entire clutch. As a result, five eggs becomes the most common clutch size.
What type of selection?

Answer 23

Stabilizing

Question 24

A scientist measures the circumference of acorns in a population of oak trees and discovers that the most common circumference is 2 cm. There are very few acorns with circumferences of 3 cm or circumferences of 1 cm. Only the 2 cm circumference acorns survive. What type of selection?

Answer 24

Stabilizing

Question 25

Black rabbits (BB) and white rabbits (WW) are both able to survive because they can camouflage into the white and black rocks in their environment. However, the intermediate gray rabbits (BW) do not survive. This results in only white and black rabbits. What type of selection?

Answer 25

Distruptive

Question 25

A population of birds with various size beaks eats seeds. Small seeds can be eaten by birds with small beaks. Larger, thicker seeds can only be eaten by birds with larger, thicker beaks. During a drought, only large thick seeds exist so only the large, thick-beaked birds survive. What type of selection?

Answer 25

Directional

Question 26

Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be undeveloped. As a result, medium sized babies are the ones that end up surviving to adulthood. What type of selection?

Answer 26

Stabilizing

Question 27

What are species?

Answer 27

Organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Question 28

What is specitation?

Answer 28

the evolution of a new species

Question 29

How does speciation happen?

Answer 29

When 2 similar populations of organisms can no longer interbreed

Question 30

What is geographic Isolation?

Answer 30

Occurs when 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water Eventually the split populations become 2 separate species

Question 31

What is Divergent Evolution?

Answer 31

A pattern of evolution where 1 species evolves into different species with similar traits The species share a Common ancestor.

Question 32

What is adaptive evolution?

Answer 32

When 1 species evolves into many different species because of different environments

Question 33

What type of evolution does homologous structures show?

Answer 33

Divergent evolution

Question 34

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 34

A pattern of evolution where unrelated organisms evolve into forms that resemble each other because of similar lifestyles. These 2 species do not share a common ancestor. They have similar traits because they live in similar environments.

Question 35

What type of evolution does analogous structure show?

Answer 35

Convergent evolution

Question 36

What is Gradualism?

Answer 36

species evolve through a slow, steady change in adaptations

Question 37

What is punctuated equilibrium?

Answer 37

species evolve quickly, in rapid bursts, and then there are long periods with no change

Question 38

Who is Charles Darwin?

Answer 38

A British naturalist 1831 – Took a job as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle and embarked on a 5 year journey Famous for his theory of evolution Wrote “On the Origin of Species”

Question 39

Where did Darwin conduct his studies?

Answer 39

Galapagos islands

Question 40

What are the Galapagos islands?

Answer 40

In the Pacific Ocean, near the equator Are owned by the country of Ecuador Have many unique animals and plants

Question 41

Who is Jean-Baptiste Lamarack?

Answer 41

French scientist Lamarck believed that organisms could change during their lifetimes by choosing to use or not use various parts of their bodies. He believed organisms have a desire to become more complex and perfect.

Question 42

What is Lamarks Giraffe Example?

Answer 42

Lamarck argued that giraffes necks would grow a little bit longer because it would try to reach the leaves on the top of the trees.

Question 43

What did Darwin notice about the organisms on galapagos island?

Answer 43

That they looked like other organisms around the world but had certain adaptations to help them live on the island.

Question 44

What is Mimicry?

Answer 44

An adaptation where one species looks like another Usually a harmless species will try to look like a dangerous species to avoid predators.

Question 45

What is camouflage?

Answer 45

An adaptation that allows an organism to blend in with its surroundings.

Question 46

What is natural selection?

Answer 46

When an organism with a favorable variation survives and passes on that variation to the next generation. It brings about a change in a population of organisms

Question 47

What is the process that causes populations to change over time?

Answer 47

Natural selection

Question 48

How does natural selection work?

Answer 48

1.) A population of organisms has variations (different traits). 2.) Some variations are favorable. 3.) More offspring are born than survive. 4.) Those that survive have the favorable traits. 5.) A population will change over time.

Question 49

What is artificial selection?

Answer 49

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with the same trait

Question 50

What is fitness?

Answer 50

how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment