Unit A Flashcards

Question

What is cohesion

Answer 1

The tendency of molecules of the same type to cluster. For example water does this The attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind, and water molecules have strong cohesive forces thanks to their ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another. Water molecules stick together! Water molecules are very cohesive because of their polarity. This is why you can fill a glass of water just barely above the rim without it spilling.

Answer 2

Surface tension. This is why water molecules group together like raindrops

Answer 3

When water is transported from the roots of a tall tree upwards to the leaves and branches. When a liquid is elevated or depressed by the contact of a solid surface

Answer 4

Depending on the number of positive and negative ions present

Answer 5

When water is used to break away a phosphate group from the molecule (Think about that one unit)

Answer 6

0 and 100 The boiling and freezing points of water enable the molecules to be very slow to boil or freeze, which is important to the ecosystems living in water. If water were very easy to freeze or boil, drastic changes in the environment, and so in oceans or lakes, would cause all the organisms living in water to die. This is also why sweat is able to cool our bodies.

Answer 7

The amount of energy required to take a substance that is at its melting point and change its state

Answer 8

Energy required to take a substance that is at its boiling point and change its state

Answer 9

The attraction of molecules of one kind for molecules of a different kind, and it can be quite strong for water, especially with other molecules bearing positive or negative charges. This enables water molecules to “climb” up xylem vessels in plants.

Answer 10

All substances, including water, become less dense when they are heated and denser when they are cooled. So, if water is cooled, it becomes denser and forms ice. Water is one of the few substances whose solid state can float on its liquid state! Why? Water continues to become denser until it reaches 4°C. After it reaches 4°C, it becomes LESS dense.

Answer 11

Liquid State: It is very rare to find a compound that lacks carbon to be a liquid at standard temperatures and pressures. So, it is unusual for water to be a liquid at room temperature! Water is liquid at room temperature so it's able to move around quicker than it is as solid.

Answer 12

Because of water's polarity, it is able to dissolve or dissociate many particles. Oxygen has a slightly negative charge, while the two hydrogens have a slightly positive charge. The slightly negative particles of a compound will be attracted to water's hydrogen atoms, while the slightly positive particles will be attracted to water's oxygen molecule; this causes the compound to dissociate.

Answer 13

Evaporation: Water from oceans, lakes, rivers, and other surfaces is heated by the sun and changes into water vapor. Transpiration: Plants release water vapor from their leaves into the atmosphere, contributing to the total amount of moisture in the air. This process, combined with evaporation, is called evapotranspiration. Convection: causes warmer, expanding gas to rise above cooler, denser ones Condensation: As water vapour rises, it cools and changes back into liquid water droplets, forming clouds. Precipitation: When the droplets in clouds become large and heavy, they fall to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Infiltration: Some of the water soaks into the ground, replenishing groundwater supplies in aquifers. Percolation: Water moves downward through the soil and porous rock layers, continuing to recharge groundwater. Runoff: Excess water that doesn’t infiltrate the soil flows over the land and collects in rivers, lakes, and oceans. Collection: Water gathers in bodies like oceans, lakes, and rivers, where it can evaporate again, restarting the cycle.

Answer 14

The transformation of water from its solid form to ts gaseous form

Answer 15

a linked series of organisms. Each organism is consumed by the next one in the chain.

Answer 16

How organisms can be classified according to their position in the flow of energy? Trophic means nutrition-related (it applies to organisms as a source of nutrients

Answer 17

-Primary producers: autotrophs -primary consumers: herbivores -secondary consumers: carnivores or omnivores -tertiary consumers: carnivores or omnivores -decomposers/detritivores The trophic level is always identified by the number of energy transfers that have taken place from the original solar energy entering a system. The efficiency of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is very low, with only about 10 % of the energy from the previous trophic level is transferred. This leaves ~90% of the energy as waste material or Heat.

Answer 18

mostly plants that use sunlight and generate food via photosynthesis. Therefore, producers determine the energy budget for an ecosystem.

Answer 19

There is a type of bacteria that can synthesize light from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Others can use heat and chemical compounds from these vents to make energy

Answer 20

Animals that feed off primary producers. They are strictly herbivores. (ex, snails, mice, turtles)

Answer 21

animals that consume herbivores (primary consumers). Some secondary consumers may also consume plants (ex spiders, fish, frogs)

Answer 22

animals that consume smaller carnivores and herbivores. They may also consume plants (ex, foxes, wolves, whales)

Answer 23

Animals that feed on organic wastes: droppings, dead organisms, fallen leaves etc., decomposers are important because they help return nutrients to the soil (ex, fungi, bacteria)

Answer 24

Grazing food chain: Energy is initially derived from an autotroph. An example is a rabbit that eats grass, and then a fox eats the rabbit Detrital food chain: Energy is initially derived from dead organic matter. An example is bacteria breaking down dead grass and a worm eating the bacteria, and a porcupine eating the worm

Answer 25

Because energy is lost at each level, typically in the form of heat. Therefore, there must be less biomass as you move up the food chain

Answer 26

Consumers which consume the tertiary consumers. The secondary, tertiary and quaternary consumers are all classified as carnivores as they are consuming meat. The final consumer in a chain is often called the apex predator.

Answer 27

It is the nutrition that occurs in the organisms that intake solid or liquid food within their body. It involves the steps: ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

Answer 28

Organisms that exist in extreme environments eg, Salt lakes, hot springs, geothermal vents. Usually bacteria. (archaeans)

Answer 29

External digestion in an organism. Enzymes are secreted on the food source. Once digested, the products are absorbed

Answer 30

A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode

Answer 31

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another. During an energy conversion, some useful energy is lost as heat.

Answer 32

interactions of several food chains. A food web shows the diversity of food sources that members of a community may rely on.

Answer 33

-The organism dies without being eaten -Some parts of organisms are not eaten eg: bones, teeth, hair -Some parts or organisms are eaten but are not digested, therefore, they pass out with the feces -Energy is lost through heat (90%) from the process of cellular respiration.

Answer 34

A pyramid of numbers: Depicts the number of organisms at one trophic level needed to support the organisms at the next trophic level. A pyramid of biomass: Depicts the mass of the organisms at each trophic level. The Biomass is the dehydrated organic tissue of the organisms at a level. This method often more accurately depicts the energy loss during transfer A pyramid of energy: Depicts the energy of the biomass at each trophic level. The energy is calculated with the use of a calorimeter, which combusts the tissue to determine the number of calories (J) involved in the matter. Of the 3 pyramids, this one most accurately depicts energy loss in matter transfer through trophic levels.

Answer 35

The process by which the concentration of a toxic substance increases as it moves up the food chain. Here's how it works: Pollutants (like mercury, DDT, or PCBs) enter the environment, often in small amounts, usually from human activities like farming, industry, or waste. Primary producers (like algae or plants) absorb the toxin from the soil or water. Primary consumers (like small fish or insects) eat the producers and take in the toxins. Secondary and tertiary consumers (larger fish, birds, or mammals) eat the smaller animals, accumulating even more toxins in their bodies. As each level of the food chain eats the one below it, the concentration of the toxin increases because it is stored in fat and is not easily broken down or excreted.

Answer 36

hydrogen and oxygen in order to form molecules that can be solid, liquid or gas

Answer 37

polar ice caps. Gaseous Co2 and diffuses directly into the cold water

Answer 38

Carbon helps keep heat in the biosphere. If there is too much carbon, it could overhead,t and if there is too little the planet could enter an ice age

Answer 39

When a producer in either the hydrosphere or the lithosphere draws carbon from the atmosphere and uses it to build an organic compound

Answer 40

When there is a large quantity of solid carbon compounds that are physically cut off from the atmosphere (ex, swamps bogs) it has physically stopped cycling through the atmosphere

Answer 41

the leftover remains of organisms (carcass waste etc) it can form fossil fuels when placed under high pressure and heat for millions of years

Answer 42

The biotic stage refers to carbon being part of a living organism, and the abiotic stage means that it in an abiotic component such as soil.

Unit A Flashcards

(68 cards)