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Science PAT > Unit B > Flashcards

Unit B Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the shape of a hazard symbol indicate?

A

How hazardous a substance is

Yellow triangle means caution, orange diamond means warning, red octagon means danger.

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2
Q

What is WHMIS?

A

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

WHMIS symbols are designed to help protect people who use hazardous materials at work.

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3
Q

What should you do before starting an activity in the science classroom?

A

Follow safety instructions, identify hazards, report them, and show concern for safety

Respect for the safety of yourself and others is essential.

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4
Q

What are the four states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

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5
Q

What happens when matter changes from solid to gas?

A

Energy is gained

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6
Q

What are physical properties?

A

Characteristics used to describe a substance, including:
* Color
* Luster
* Melting point
* Boiling point
* Hardness
* Malleability
* Ductility
* Crystal shape
* Solubility
* Density
* Conductivity

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7
Q

What defines chemical properties?

A

How a substance interacts with other substances

Examples include reaction with acids and bases, ability to burn, reaction with water, air, and heat.

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8
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

Made up of only one kind of matter with a unique set of physical properties

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9
Q

What is an element?

A

Cannot be broken down into any simpler substance

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10
Q

What is a compound?

A

A combination of two or more elements in fixed proportions

Examples include NaCl, H2O, C12H22O11.

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11
Q

What is a mechanical mixture?

A

Heterogeneous mixture where each substance is visible

Examples include soil, blood, concrete.

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12
Q

What is a solution?

A

Homogeneous mixture where each substance is not clearly visible

Examples include vinegar, Kool-Aid, clear air.

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13
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A cloudy mixture where tiny particles are suspended and can be filtered out

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14
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A cloudy mixture where particles cannot be easily filtered out

Examples include mayonnaise and ice cream.

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15
Q

What is a physical change?

A

Occurs when a material changes state

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16
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

Occurs when two or more substances react to create a new substance

Evidence includes change in color, odor, formation of a gas, release or absorption of energy.

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17
Q

What is freeze-drying?

A

A process that removes water from food for preservation

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18
Q

When did the first ‘chemists’ live?

A

Before 8000 B.C.

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19
Q

What significant discovery did early chemists make?

A

How to start and control fire

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20
Q

What materials did early chemists investigate between 6000 B.C. and 1000 B.C.?

A

High-value materials, particularly metals like gold and copper

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21
Q

What is bronze?

A

A hard, strong material created by heating copper and tin together

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22
Q

Who discovered how to extract iron from rocks?

A

The Hittites around 1200 B.C.

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23
Q

What did Aristotle believe about matter?

A

Everything was made of earth, air, fire, and water

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24
Q

What was the main focus of alchemists?

A

To change metals into gold

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25
Who is known as the father of modern chemistry?
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
26
What did John Dalton propose about matter?
Matter is made up of elements, each composed of atoms
27
What is the 'billiard ball model'?
Dalton's model of atomic structure depicting atoms as solid spheres
28
What did J.J. Thomson discover?
Electrons, negatively charged particles smaller than hydrogen atoms
29
What is the 'raisin bun model'?
Thomson's model of the atom where negatively charged electrons are embedded in a positively charged sphere
30
What did Ernest Rutherford's experiments reveal about atoms?
Atoms are mostly empty space with a small, dense nucleus
31
What is Bohr's model of the atom?
Electrons move in specific circular orbits or shells
32
What is the current atomic model based on?
Quantum mechanics, describing electrons in a charged cloud around the nucleus
33
What was the first system to organize elements developed by John Dalton?
A new set of symbols for elements
34
What did Jons Jacob Berzelius suggest for representing elements?
Using letters instead of symbols, with the first letter capitalized
35
What does an element symbolize in chemistry?
An element would become the symbol.
36
How are elements with the same first letter differentiated?
A small second letter is added.
37
What is atomic mass?
The mass of one atom of an element.
38
How is atomic mass measured?
By atomic mass unit (amu).
39
Who recognized the 'law of octaves'?
John Newlands.
40
What does the 'law of octaves' refer to?
Properties of elements repeating at regular intervals.
41
What did Dmitri Mendeleev organize?
The elements based on their properties.
42
What was Mendeleev's prediction regarding gaps in his chart?
New elements would be discovered to fill the gaps.
43
What is the periodic table?
A series of boxes in rows and columns representing elements.
44
What is a period in the periodic table?
Each horizontal row, numbered from 1-7.
45
What is a group in the periodic table?
Each vertical column, numbered from 1-18.
46
What information does each box in the periodic table contain?
Element symbol, atomic number, and atomic mass.
47
What does the atomic number indicate?
The number of protons in the nucleus.
48
What is the atomic mass of an element?
The total mass of all protons and neutrons in an atom.
49
What is mass number?
The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
50
How to calculate the number of neutrons?
Mass Number - Atomic Number.
51
What properties do metals exhibit?
Shiny, malleable, ductile, and conduct electricity.
52
What are non-metals known for?
They do not conduct electricity.
53
What are metalloids?
Elements with both metallic and non-metallic properties.
54
What are the alkali metals?
Group 1 elements, most reactive metals.
55
What are alkaline-earth metals?
Group 2 elements, less reactive than alkali metals.
56
What are halogens?
Group 17 elements, most reactive nonmetals.
57
What are noble gases?
Group 18 elements, the most stable and unreactive.
58
What is a chemical compound?
A substance formed from two or more elements combined.
59
What is the chemical formula for table salt?
NaCl.
60
Who created the naming system for chemical compounds?
Guyton de Morveau.
61
What does a subscript in a chemical formula indicate?
The number of atoms of an element in the compound.
62
What does (s), (l), and (g) indicate in a chemical formula?
(s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas.
63
What are ionic compounds?
Pure substances formed from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
64
What is an ion?
An atom or group of atoms that has become electrically charged.
65
What are polyatomic ions?
Groups of atoms acting as one.
66
How are ionic compounds named?
Metal ion first, followed by the nonmetal ion with 'ide' ending.
67
What is a molecular compound?
A pure substance formed when nonmetals combine.
68
How do molecular compounds differ from ionic compounds?
They can be solids, liquids, or gases and are poor conductors.
69
What indicates a chemical reaction?
When two or more substances combine to form a new substance.
70
What are the reactants in a chemical reaction?
The materials at the start of a reaction.
71
What are the products in a chemical reaction?
The new materials produced by the reaction.
72
What is a chemical reaction?
A chemical reaction takes place when two or more substances combine to form a new substance.
73
What are the materials at the start of a chemical reaction called?
Reactants.
74
What are the new materials produced by a chemical reaction called?
Products.
75
In the context of a campfire, what are the reactants?
Wood and oxygen.
76
What are the products formed in a campfire?
Carbon dioxide and water, along with energy released.
77
What does the arrow in a chemical equation indicate?
The direction in which the reaction is most likely to occur.
78
List some evidence of a chemical reaction.
* Color change * Formation of odor * Formation of a solid or gas * Release or absorption of heat.
79
What is an exothermic reaction?
A chemical reaction that releases heat energy.
80
Give an example of an exothermic reaction.
Burning an object in the presence of oxygen.
81
What is an endothermic reaction?
A chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy.
82
Provide an example of an endothermic reaction.
Chemical cold-packs in first aid kits.
83
What is combustion?
A chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen reacts with a new substance to form a new substance and give off energy.
84
What is corrosion?
The slow chemical change that occurs when oxygen in the air reacts with a metal.
85
What is rusting?
Rusting occurs when iron reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide.
86
What is cellular respiration?
A chemical reaction that takes place in the cells of the body, where food reacts with oxygen to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
87
What does the law of conservation of mass state?
Matter is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
88
What happens to the mass of products in a chemical reaction?
The total mass of the products is always the same as the total mass of the reactants.
89
In the reaction of magnesium and sulfur, what is the mass of magnesium sulfide produced?
56.4 g.
90
What is an open system in the context of chemical reactions?
A system where products can escape, such as carbon dioxide gas escaping from a beaker.
91
What factors can affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
* Presence of a catalyst * Concentration of the reactants * Temperature of the reactants * Surface area of the reactants.
92
What are catalysts?
Substances that help a reaction proceed faster without being consumed in the reaction.
93
What are enzymes?
Catalysts produced by living things.
94
How does an increase in reactant concentration affect reaction rate?
It increases the rate because there are more atoms available to react.
95
How does temperature affect the rate of a reaction?
Higher temperatures increase the speed of atoms, leading to more collisions.
96
How can increasing the surface area of reactants affect the reaction rate?
It provides more area for reaction, leading to a faster reaction.
97
Fill in the blank: A chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy is called an _______.
[endothermic reaction].
98
Fill in the blank: The new materials produced by a chemical reaction are called _______.
[products].

Science PAT (2 decks)

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