UNIT B: Reproduction and Development Flashcards
(17 cards)
Reproductive Systems
Gonads
organs (testes/ovaries) that produce reproductive cells (sperm and ova)
Reproductive Systems
Male PRIMARY sex characteristics
- gonads (testes)
- scrotum
- penis
- epididymis
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- ductus deferens
- Cowper’s gland
Reproductive Systems
Male SECONDARY sex characteristics
- facial hair
- body hair
- deeper voice
- broader shoulders
- narrower hips
- more obvious muscle development (comp. to fem)
Reproductive Systems
Female PRIMARY sex characteristics
- gonads (ovaries)
- cervix
- oviducts
- vagina
- uterus
- vulva
Reproductive Systems
Female SECONDARY sex characteristics
- minimal facial hair
- minimal body hair
- prominent breasts (compared to male)
- higher voice
- more rounded shoulders
- wider hips
- less obvious muscle dev. (comp to male)
Male Reproductive System - Testes/Testicles
What are the Testes composed of + their defs.
(testes held outside body in scrotum)
- seminiferus tubules
- interstitial cells
Male Reproductive System - Testes/Testicles
Scrotum info
- a pouch of skin located below the pelvic region
- sperm will not develop at body temp. (37c) the scrotum is at a lower temp. (35c-ish)
- if testes do not descend, sperm will not be produces and the male will be sterile (infertile = no viable sperm)
- the testes do not re-enter because a thin membrane forms over the canal where the testes descend
- ((problem -> inguinal hernia; rapture of the thin membrane causing a segment of the small intestine to be forced into scrotum…yikes))
Male Reproductive System - Testes/Testicles
Impotency / erectile tissue
- erection: during sexual excitement, the erectile tissue within the penis fills w blood, stim. of parasympathetic nerve causes the arteries to dialate thereby increasing blood flow.
- as blood flows to penis, the veins carrying blood away become blocked.
- Impotency: caused by damage to the parasympathetic syst. (other reasons= hormone imbalnce and stress) …
- erectile dysfunction: erticle tissue does not expand enough to cause an erection
Spermogenesis and Seminal Fluid
sperm structure
- sperm (haploid) is built for speed
- only a small amount of cytoplasm (23 chormosomes)
- high concentration of mitochondria (midpiece, produce ATP) near flagellum (tail)
- acrosome (on “head”) filled w enzymes that dissolve the outer coating of the egg
- at body temp only last 24-72 hrs
Spermogenesis and Seminal Fluid
Sperm production pathway(?)
SEVEN UP
S E V E N - U P
1. starts in the seminiferous tubules within the testicles, where sperm cells are generated.
2. These immature sperm then travel to the epididymis, a coiled structure above the testes, for maturation and storage.
3. Finally, mature sperm are propelled through the vas deferens, a muscular tube, (blockage of this = no sperm to external enviro. (ex. vasectomy(cut tubes), & STI scarring)
4. towards the urethra, (directed by ejaculatory duct) where they are released during ejaculation. (a “sphincter” reg. the voiding of urine from bladder to prevent ‘backflow’ and mixing. both functions work indep. = never open at same time)
Spermogenesis and Seminal Fluid
seminiferous tubules
- coiled ducts found within testes, lined with sperm producing cells
… - sertoli cells are between the seminiferous tubules (support cell which nourishes the sperm cell)
Spermogenesis and Seminal Fluid
epididymus
- located along the posterior border (back) of the testis
- sperm are stored here and mature
- develop flagellum and begin swimming motion within 4 days
- immune sys. may destroy defective sperm
Spermogenesis and Seminal Fluid
seminal fluid (semen)
the “concoction” of it
sperm are mixed with fluid along the vas/ductus deferens
- seminal vesicles: fluid secretion -> fructose (provides a source of energy), prostaglandins (trigger rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle in the uterus
- prostate gland: a secretion that contains buffers (alkaline (basic) fluid) -> prtects sperm from acidic vagina
- Cowpers gland: secretes a mucous rich fluid prior to ejeculation -> fluids may protect the sperm from acids found in the urethra from urine, may assist sperm movement
Hormonal Control of Male Repro. Sys.
TDF stands for + info
Testis Determining factor
- Y chromosome contains the TDF gene
- triggers the production of male sex hormones ->
- puberty (complete repro. sys. dev.) -> begins whem the hypothalamus increases its production of GnRH (gonadotropic (testes/ovaries) releasing hormone)
Hormonal Control of Male Repro. Sys.
Negative feedback (MALE REPRO. HORMONES)
[Hypothalamus]
|
[pituitary]
|[FSH] |[LH]
[Testes]
| |
sperm production<-[Seminef. tubules] [Interstitial cells] -> testosterone (sec. sex. char.)
Tub.
just look at the notes vro
Hormonal Control of Male Repro. Sys.
Anabolic steroids
mimic the action of testosterone
- distrupt the reproductive hormone feedback systems
- side affects: shrinking testicles, low sperm count, loss of body hair, dev. of breasts
Female Reproductive System
