Unit C

Question 1

Definition of Photon?

Answer 1

A packet of light

Question 2

Definiton of Chlorophyll?

Answer 2

the light-absorbing green-coloured pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis

Question 3

Definiton of Chloroplast?

Answer 3

a membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis

Question 4

Definiton of Stroma?

Answer 4

the protein-rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast

Question 5

Definition of Thylakoid?

Answer 5

a system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast

Question 6

Definiton of Grana?

Answer 6

(singular: granum ) stacks of thylakoids

Question 7

Definiton of Lamellae?

Answer 7

(singular: lamella ) groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana

Question 8

Definiton of Thylakoid Membrane?

Answer 8

the photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light-gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains

Question 9

Definiton of Thylakoid Lumen?

Answer 9

the fluid-filled space inside a thylakoid

Question 10

Definiton of ATP?

Answer 10

a molecule containing three high-energy phosphate bonds that acts as the primary energy-transferring molecule in living organisms

Question 11

Definiton of ADP?

Answer 11

a molecule containing two high-energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP

Question 12

Definiton of NADP+?

Answer 12

a compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons, forming NADPH; is an electron acceptor

Question 13

Definiton of NADPH?

Answer 13

compound that donates one hydrogen atom and two electrons to another molecule, to reform NADP + ; is an electron donor

Question 14

Definiton of Light-Dependent Reactions?

Answer 14

the first set of reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, and results in the reduction of NADP to NADPH

Question 15

Definiton of Carbon Fixation?

Answer 15

the process of incorporating CO 2 into carbohydrate molecules

Question 16

Definiton of Calvin Cycle?

Answer 16

a cyclic set of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that fixes the carbon of CO 2 into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes

Question 17

Definiton of Light-Independent Reactions?

Answer 17

the second set of reactions in photosynthesis (the Calvin cycle); these reactions do not require solar energy

Question 18

Definiton of Photosystem?

Answer 18

a cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in a thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy

Question 19

Definition of Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 19

a series of progressively stronger electron acceptors; each time an electron is transferred, energy is released

Question 20

Definiton of Photolysis?

Answer 20

a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light; in photosynthesis, water molecules are split by photolysis

Question 21

Definition of Oxidation?

Answer 21

a reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons

Question 22

Definition of Reduction?

Answer 22

a reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons

Question 23

Definiton of ATP Synthase Complex?

Answer 23

a specialized protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that allows H + ions to escape from the lumen and uses the resulting energy to generate ATP

Question 24

Definiton of Chemiosmosis?

Answer 24

a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

Question 25

Definiton of NADH?

Answer 25

an electron carrier, donates electrons in cellular processes

Question 26

Definiton of NAD+?

Answer 26

an electron carrier, accepts electrons in cellular processes

Question 27

Definiton of FADH2?

Answer 27

an electron carrier, donates electrons in cellular processes

Question 28

Definition of FAD+?

Answer 28

an electron carrier, accepts electrons in cellular processes

Question 29

Definiton of Active Transport?

Answer 29

active transport the movement of substances through a membrane against a concentration gradient using membrane-bound carrier proteins and energy from ATP

Question 30

Definition of Sodium-Potassium Pump?

Answer 30

an active-transport mechanism that pumps sodium and potassium ions into and out of a cell

Question 31

Definition of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Answer 31

the set of reactions that takes place in the cell in the presence of oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose

Question 32

Definiton of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?

Answer 32

the set of reactions that takes place in the cell in the absence of oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose

Question 33

Definiton of Glycolysis?

Answer 33

a process for harnessing energy in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 34

Definition of Mitochrondrion?

Answer 34

a eukaryotic cell organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration occurs

Question 35

Definition of Mitochondrial Matrix?

Answer 35

the fluid that fills the interior space of the mitochondrion

Question 36

Definition of Intermembrane Space?

Answer 36

intermembrane space the fluid-filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

Question 37

Definition of Krebs Cycle?

Answer 37

a cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH 2 , and removes carbon atoms as CO 2

Question 38

Definition of Oxidative ATP Synthesis?

Answer 38

the production of ATP from a series of oxidation reactions

Question 39

Definition of alcohol Fermentation?

Answer 39

a form of fermentation occurring in yeast in which NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD

Question 40

Definiton of Lactic Acid Fermentation?

Answer 40

a form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD
and lactic acid

Question 41

Definition of Maximum Oxygen Consumption VO2 Max?

Answer 41

the maximum volume of oxygen, in millilitres, that the cells of the body can remove from the bloodstream in one minute per kilogram of body mass while the body experiences maximal exertion

Question 42

Definition of Lactic Acid Threshold?

Answer 42

the value of exercise intensity at which lactic acid production increases