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KINE 2P84 > Unit C > Flashcards

Unit C Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

What is Biological Maturation? (3 points)

A

a process by whuc we end wit the status of full maturity
maturation is a pricess
maturity is a state

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2
Q

What are the 5 measures of maturity? When are they most relevant?

A

skeletal: relevant during the whole growth period
sexual: relevant during adolescence
somatic: relevant during adolescence
dental: relevant during infancy and childhood mainly
neuromuscular: relevant during infancy and childhood

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3
Q

What is Skeletal Maturity? (2 points)

A

bone age

when the prenatal cartilage skeleton forms a fully developed skeleton

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4
Q

How do you measure skeletal maturity? (4 points)

A

compare hand radiograph to standardized radiograph (left hand x-ray)
early childhood: ossification onset
mid-childhood: bone shape, joint formation
near end of growth: epiphyseal fusion of bones

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5
Q

What are the 3 methods of assessment of skeletal maturity?

A

GP: most common, compare x-ray to records (large margin of error)
TW: rates each bone on a scale and comes up with a total to represent skeletal age (more accurate)
Fels: more statistically based than TW

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6
Q

What is sexual maturity? (3 points)

A

ability to reproduce
begins with sexual differentiation in the embryo
continues through puberty - age of relevance

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7
Q

Sexual Maturity assessments in boys (2 points) and in girls (3 points)

A 
boys:
pubic hair
penis and testes
girls:
pubic hair
breast development
menarche
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8
Q

Causes of menstrual dysfunction among athletes (5 points)

A 
genetics
pre-selection
environmental factors
energy balance (exercise and nutrition)
psychological factors
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9
Q

What is somatic maturity? (4 points)

A

age at PHV
PHV tempo
age at onset of height change
the closer one is to their predicted adult height, the more mature

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10
Q

Somatic maturity and physical ability (4 points)

A

late maturers caught up and even exceeded early maturers at age 30
strength
explosive strength
other motor performance measures

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11
Q

What is dental maturity (2 points)

A

age of eruption of baby teeth and permanent teeth

calcification of permanent teeth

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12
Q

How does muscle mass change with age? (1 point)

What is the difference between boys and girls? (1 point)

A

increase in muscle mass with age

boys > girls, especially after puberty

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13
Q

Boys that were early maturers were ________ throughout ______________

A

boys that were early maturers were stronger throughout the whole growth period

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14
Q

Girls that were early maturers were _________________, the late maturers _________

A

Girls that were early maturers were stronger before puberty but not after puberty, the late maturers catch up

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15
Q

Boys: when strength is corrected for body size……

A

effect of maturity is reduced

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16
Q

Girls: when strength is corrected for body size…..

A

early < average/late maturers

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17
Q

peak rate of increase in _______ occurs _____ the peak rate of increase in ______

A

peak rate of increase in muscle strength occurs after the peak rate of increase in height

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18
Q

How does resistance training affect strength? (3 points)

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A

as children grow, strength will increase
additional strength increases in those who train
absolute increase in strength

19
Q

what are 2 types of strength inprovements?

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A

morphological adaptaions: hypertrophy of muscle
neurological adaptations: where all of children’s strength comes from, resistance training will improve explosive strength through neurological adapatations

20
Q

Effects of Resistance Training (5 points)

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A 
increase in muscle strength
increase in performance
improved body composition
decrease in sports injuries
increase in rehabilitation
21
Q

Injuries as a result of Resistance training (2 points)

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A

common injury: lower back

major injury: epiphyseal plate

22
Q

Fetal Circulation: when do certain things happen? (2 points)

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A

3 weeks: beats

6 weeks: definitive form of the heart

23
Q

What is the placenta? (2 points)

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A

functions as the interaction between the mother’s and fetus’s circulation
gives oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

24
Q

What is the unmbillical cord? (1 point)

2 parts

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A

connects placenta to the fetus, has blood vessels that are opposite to those in an adult

  1. umbilical vein: carry oxygenated blood from the mother to fetus
  2. unbilical artery: cary deoxygenated blood from teh fetus to the mother
25
What are right to left shunts? (4 points)
more physiologically significant, bypasses right side of the circulation/ heart (pulmonary circulation) 1. foramen ovale: opening between RA and LA (new route is RA, LA, systemic circulation, in adults it is RA, RV, pulmonary circulation) 2. ductus arteriosus: temporary blood vessel which connects pulmonary arteries to the aorta (in adult pulmonary arteries go to the lungs) 3. ductus venous: connects vena cava to umbilical arteries (bypasses the heart all together)
26
What are left to right shunts? (2 points)
less significant | bypasses left side of the circulation/heart (systemic circulation)
27
Adjustments to fetal circulation at birth (5 points)
``` lungs: inflate, blood flow increases umbilical cord: constricts foramen ovale: closes within 2 weeks, much higher pressure on the left side ductus arteriosus: close within 2 weeks ductus venous: close within 2 weeks ```
28
Changes in cardiovascular function with age: Heart Rate (4 points)
about 60-80bpm decreases as we get older higher in children at birth: child HR at 140bpm
29
Changes in cardiovascular function with age: blood pressure (6 points)
120/80 increases with growth resting BP does increase with age and growth only systolic pressure should increase, not diastolic systolic: contraction diastolic: vascular resistance
30
Changes in blood features with age (4 points)
blood volume: proportional to body mass (x10) hematocrit: increase in plasma causes an increase in cell number which causes an increase in hematocrit RBC: increase in cell number, decrease in bone marrow hemoglobin: increases
31
Changes in lungs and respiration with age (5 points)
mass: increase by x20 volume: proportional to increase in height development is postnatally because there is low need for the lunch prenatally breathing rate decreases we become more efficient breathers
32
Indicators of aerobic ability (6 points)
``` VO2 max endurance performance time to exhaustion lactate threshold mechanical efficiency running economy ```
33
Factors affecting VO2 max (6 points)
genetics fitness sex (men usually have higher VO2 max because they have more hemoglobin) maturity body size (the muscles use the oxygen, active muscle size) ergometer
34
What is VO2 max? (1 point) | How do you calculate it? (1 point)
the amount of oxygen the body uses, oxygen uptake VO2 = HR x SV (artery oxygen content - vein oxygen content)
35
Heart rate response to exercise (3 points)
obesity: children < adults maximal HR: children > adults submaximal heart rate: children > adults
36
Oxygen cost of locomotion (3 points)
increases with exercise intensity | decreases with growth a 5 year old needs to intake more oxygen than a 16 year old
37
What is Thermoregulation? (1 point)
the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding it is very different
38
What factors affect thermoregulation? (4 points) | What causes heat stress and heat strain?
environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, sun) metabolism sweating rate circulation heat stress: environmental conditions heat strain: metabolism, sweating rate, circulation
39
What is heat balance? (2 points)
heat dissipation: through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation, related to body surface area heat production: through metabolism, related to body mass
40
Physiological means to dissipate body heat (2 points)
increased blood flow | sweating
41
Sweating patterns (2 points)
children sweating rate is lower than adults (children have a lower sweat output per gland) generally speaking, males sweat more than girls
42
Skin blood flow factors (3 points)
as time progresses, you are under more heat strain and blood flow to the skin is increased increases with heat strain decreases with maturity/age
43
Effectiveness of thermoregulation (2 points)
rate of cooling decreases with age | body cooling is amplified in water
44
Rehydration recommendations (3 points)
adults: 5-11 mL/kg/hour children: 5-11 mL/kg/hour children sweat less meaning they will loose less water so they are more susceptible to heat injury

KINE 2P84 (4 decks)

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