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KINE 2P84 > Unit C > Flashcards

Unit C Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biological Maturation? (3 points)

A

a process by whuc we end wit the status of full maturity
maturation is a pricess
maturity is a state

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2
Q

What are the 5 measures of maturity? When are they most relevant?

A

skeletal: relevant during the whole growth period
sexual: relevant during adolescence
somatic: relevant during adolescence
dental: relevant during infancy and childhood mainly
neuromuscular: relevant during infancy and childhood

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3
Q

What is Skeletal Maturity? (2 points)

A

bone age

when the prenatal cartilage skeleton forms a fully developed skeleton

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4
Q

How do you measure skeletal maturity? (4 points)

A

compare hand radiograph to standardized radiograph (left hand x-ray)
early childhood: ossification onset
mid-childhood: bone shape, joint formation
near end of growth: epiphyseal fusion of bones

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5
Q

What are the 3 methods of assessment of skeletal maturity?

A

GP: most common, compare x-ray to records (large margin of error)
TW: rates each bone on a scale and comes up with a total to represent skeletal age (more accurate)
Fels: more statistically based than TW

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6
Q

What is sexual maturity? (3 points)

A

ability to reproduce
begins with sexual differentiation in the embryo
continues through puberty - age of relevance

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7
Q

Sexual Maturity assessments in boys (2 points) and in girls (3 points)

A 
boys:
pubic hair
penis and testes
girls:
pubic hair
breast development
menarche
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8
Q

Causes of menstrual dysfunction among athletes (5 points)

A 
genetics
pre-selection
environmental factors
energy balance (exercise and nutrition)
psychological factors
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9
Q

What is somatic maturity? (4 points)

A

age at PHV
PHV tempo
age at onset of height change
the closer one is to their predicted adult height, the more mature

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10
Q

Somatic maturity and physical ability (4 points)

A

late maturers caught up and even exceeded early maturers at age 30
strength
explosive strength
other motor performance measures

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11
Q

What is dental maturity (2 points)

A

age of eruption of baby teeth and permanent teeth

calcification of permanent teeth

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12
Q

How does muscle mass change with age? (1 point)

What is the difference between boys and girls? (1 point)

A

increase in muscle mass with age

boys > girls, especially after puberty

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13
Q

Boys that were early maturers were ________ throughout ______________

A

boys that were early maturers were stronger throughout the whole growth period

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14
Q

Girls that were early maturers were _________________, the late maturers _________

A

Girls that were early maturers were stronger before puberty but not after puberty, the late maturers catch up

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15
Q

Boys: when strength is corrected for body size……

A

effect of maturity is reduced

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16
Q

Girls: when strength is corrected for body size…..

A

early < average/late maturers

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17
Q

peak rate of increase in _______ occurs _____ the peak rate of increase in ______

A

peak rate of increase in muscle strength occurs after the peak rate of increase in height

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18
Q

How does resistance training affect strength? (3 points)

A

as children grow, strength will increase
additional strength increases in those who train
absolute increase in strength

19
Q

what are 2 types of strength inprovements?

A

morphological adaptaions: hypertrophy of muscle
neurological adaptations: where all of children’s strength comes from, resistance training will improve explosive strength through neurological adapatations

20
Q

Effects of Resistance Training (5 points)

A 
increase in muscle strength
increase in performance
improved body composition
decrease in sports injuries
increase in rehabilitation
21
Q

Injuries as a result of Resistance training (2 points)

A

common injury: lower back

major injury: epiphyseal plate

22
Q

Fetal Circulation: when do certain things happen? (2 points)

A

3 weeks: beats

6 weeks: definitive form of the heart

23
Q

What is the placenta? (2 points)

A

functions as the interaction between the mother’s and fetus’s circulation
gives oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

24
Q

What is the unmbillical cord? (1 point)

2 parts

A

connects placenta to the fetus, has blood vessels that are opposite to those in an adult

  1. umbilical vein: carry oxygenated blood from the mother to fetus
  2. unbilical artery: cary deoxygenated blood from teh fetus to the mother
25
Q

What are right to left shunts? (4 points)

A

more physiologically significant, bypasses right side of the circulation/ heart (pulmonary circulation)

  1. foramen ovale: opening between RA and LA (new route is RA, LA, systemic circulation, in adults it is RA, RV, pulmonary circulation)
  2. ductus arteriosus: temporary blood vessel which connects pulmonary arteries to the aorta (in adult pulmonary arteries go to the lungs)
  3. ductus venous: connects vena cava to umbilical arteries (bypasses the heart all together)
26
Q

What are left to right shunts? (2 points)

A

less significant

bypasses left side of the circulation/heart (systemic circulation)

27
Q

Adjustments to fetal circulation at birth (5 points)

A 
lungs: inflate, blood flow increases
umbilical cord: constricts
foramen ovale: closes within 2 weeks, much higher pressure on the left side
ductus arteriosus: close within 2 weeks
ductus venous: close within 2 weeks
28
Q

Changes in cardiovascular function with age: Heart Rate (4 points)

A

about 60-80bpm
decreases as we get older
higher in children
at birth: child HR at 140bpm

29
Q

Changes in cardiovascular function with age: blood pressure (6 points)

A

120/80
increases with growth
resting BP does increase with age and growth
only systolic pressure should increase, not diastolic
systolic: contraction
diastolic: vascular resistance

30
Q

Changes in blood features with age (4 points)

A

blood volume: proportional to body mass (x10)
hematocrit: increase in plasma causes an increase in cell number which causes an increase in hematocrit
RBC: increase in cell number, decrease in bone marrow
hemoglobin: increases

31
Q

Changes in lungs and respiration with age (5 points)

A

mass: increase by x20
volume: proportional to increase in height
development is postnatally because there is low need for the lunch prenatally
breathing rate decreases
we become more efficient breathers

32
Q

Indicators of aerobic ability (6 points)

A 
VO2 max
endurance performance
time to exhaustion
lactate threshold
mechanical efficiency
running economy
33
Q

Factors affecting VO2 max (6 points)

A

genetics
fitness
sex (men usually have higher VO2 max because they have more hemoglobin)
maturity
body size (the muscles use the oxygen, active muscle size)
ergometer

34
Q

What is VO2 max? (1 point)

How do you calculate it? (1 point)

A

the amount of oxygen the body uses, oxygen uptake

VO2 = HR x SV (artery oxygen content - vein oxygen content)

35
Q

Heart rate response to exercise (3 points)

A

obesity: children < adults
maximal HR: children > adults
submaximal heart rate: children > adults

36
Q

Oxygen cost of locomotion (3 points)

A

increases with exercise intensity

decreases with growth a 5 year old needs to intake more oxygen than a 16 year old

37
Q

What is Thermoregulation? (1 point)

A

the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding it is very different

38
Q

What factors affect thermoregulation? (4 points)

What causes heat stress and heat strain?

A

environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, sun)
metabolism
sweating rate
circulation

heat stress: environmental conditions
heat strain: metabolism, sweating rate, circulation

39
Q

What is heat balance? (2 points)

A

heat dissipation: through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation, related to body surface area
heat production: through metabolism, related to body mass

40
Q

Physiological means to dissipate body heat (2 points)

A

increased blood flow

sweating

41
Q

Sweating patterns (2 points)

A

children sweating rate is lower than adults (children have a lower sweat output per gland)
generally speaking, males sweat more than girls

42
Q

Skin blood flow factors (3 points)

A

as time progresses, you are under more heat strain and blood flow to the skin is increased
increases with heat strain
decreases with maturity/age

43
Q

Effectiveness of thermoregulation (2 points)

A

rate of cooling decreases with age

body cooling is amplified in water

44
Q

Rehydration recommendations (3 points)

A

adults: 5-11 mL/kg/hour
children: 5-11 mL/kg/hour
children sweat less meaning they will loose less water so they are more susceptible to heat injury

KINE 2P84 (4 decks)

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