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Biology 30 > Unit C Topic 1 - Mitosis > Flashcards

Unit C Topic 1 - Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Schleiden & Schwann Cell theory (2)

A

1) all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) The cell is the most basic unit of life

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2
Q

Virchow Cell theory

A

All cells arise only from existing cells

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3
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Body cells that undergo the cell cycle in different ways, depending on cell type

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4
Q

Partent cell

A

Original cell

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5
Q

Daughter cell

A

New cell

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6
Q

Prokaryotic Cell and chromosomes

A

Bacteria cells with short and circular chromosomes that are not contained in a nucleus

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7
Q

Eukaryotic Cells and chromosomes

A

membrane-bound cells with Long and linear chromosomes contained in a nucleus

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8
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that DNA is wrapped around in a chromosome

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9
Q

Chromatin

A

(spaghetti) Form of DNA in a mass of entangles strands that condense into chromosomes

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10
Q

Centromere

A

The middle of a chromosome

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11
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes with the same genes (we have 22 pairs)

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12
Q

The two sex chromosomes

A

XX and XY

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13
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene

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14
Q

Diploid

A

Somatic cells with two of each chromosome (2n=46)

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15
Q

Haploid

A

Gamete cells with one of each chromosome (n=23)

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16
Q

Polyploid

A

more than two sets of chromosomes (ex: sturgeon Fish are octoploid or 8n)

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17
Q

Karyotype

A

Sets of chromosomes possessed by an individual

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18
Q

Stages of the cell cycle (2)

A
  1. Interphase (growth phase)
  2. Mitosis & Cytokinesis (division phase)
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19
Q

GSG

Stages of interphase

A
  1. G1 (Gap or Growth 1) phase
  2. S ( Synthesis) Phase
  3. G2 (Gap or Growth 2) phase
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20
Q

G1 Phase

A

Rapid growth, metabolic function, normal activity

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21
Q

S phase

A

each chromosome duplicates

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22
Q

G2 phase

A

Preparing for division

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23
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material into two identical sets

24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cell contents

25
Q

PMAT

Stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

26
Q

CNCS

Prophase steps (4)

A
  1. Chromosomes condense
  2. nuclear membrane dissolves
  3. centrioles move to opposite poles
  4. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
27
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell

28
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide and are pulled to opposite poles (Each end of the cell has a complete set of DNA)

29
Q

D-R-D

Telophase (3 steps)

A

Reverses Prophase
1. Chromosomes decondense
2. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms
3. Spindle fibres desolve

30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

contents of parnt cell are divided into two daughter cells

“cell movment”

31
Q

Cleavage

A

Animal cell membrane pinches at equator and splits cell into two

32
Q

Cell Plate

A

Plant cells use it to divide the cell in two, acting as a new cell wall

33
Q

Telomeres

A

Ends of chromatin that shorten during DNA Replication

34
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

What are they and what’s the three major ones

A

Certain signals are used to determine when to divide and when to stop dividing cells
- G1 to S (is the DNA ok for replication?)
- G2 to mitosis (has the DNA been replicated right?)
- Metaphase to anaphase (Are chromosomes aligned properly in the middle?)

35
Q

Cause of Cancer

A

when cells stop oberving checkpoints due to faulty mutations, and begin quickly and uncontrollably multiplying

36
Q

Tumor

A

A mass of cancer cells

37
Q

Angiogenesis

A

When a tumor tricks the body into growing blood vessels to bring nutrients to the tumor

38
Q

Carcinogens

A

Agents that cause cancer

Ex: radiation, tobacco smoke, pesticides

39
Q

Metastatis

A

Cancer cells ability to reproduce all over the body

40
Q

Benign Tumors

A

Non-cancerout tumons that grow slowly and remain at original site

Can be removed surgically or killed by radiation

41
Q

Malignant Tumors

A

Cancerous tumors that can spread through lymphatic and blood vessels

Removed by surgery folowed by radiation and chemotherapy

42
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction involving one parent producing genetically identical offspring

43
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction incluting two parents and a genetically unique offspring

44
Q

Binary Fission

A

Cell divison of prokaryotes to produce identical offspring

45
Q

Conjugation

A

prokaryotes exchanging genetic information

46
Q

Budding

A

A miniature version of the parent grows out of the parents body

47
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

Stem of a parent plant grows out and a new plant grows from it

48
Q

Fragmentation

A

Creation of a new organism from the fragment of a parent organism

49
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

When an unfertilized egg developes into an adult

Ex: Honey bee unfertilized eggs grow into male drones, while fertilized ones turn into female worker ants

50
Q

Spores

A

a structure of genetic material formed by mitosis that is spread by the elements

51
Q

Cloning

A

When identical offspring are fromed by a parent cell

52
Q

Topipotent cell

A

A cell that can mature from an egg to an adult

In humans this makes the extra-embryonic layers

53
Q

Pluripotent cell

A

A cell that can mature into any tissue in the body

AKA it can make the whole body (not the extra-embryonic layers)

54
Q

Multipotent cell

A

a cell that can mature into multiple specialized cell types in a tissue or organ

Ex: adult stem cells

55
Q

Why are human cells dificult to clone?

2 reasons

A
  1. lose totipotency when they mature
  2. many cells are too specalized to activly divide

Biology 30 (6 decks)

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