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AP Gov > Unit D > Flashcards

Unit D Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What is the highest court in the federal judiciary?

A

Supreme Court

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2
Q

What type of jurisdiction allows a court to hear a case for the first time?

A

original jurisdiction

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3
Q

What type of jurisdiction allows a court to review decisions made by lower courts?

A

appellate jurisdiction

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4
Q

Which document discusses the role of the judiciary and the concept of judicial review?

A

Federalist No. 78 (Should be independent from the rest of the gov’t; weakest because they don’t have the purse and the sword (military and money), check on the legislature and protector of the people

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5
Q

What landmark case established the principle of judicial review in 1803?

A

Marbury v. Madison

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6
Q

What is the power of the courts to invalidate laws that are contrary to the Constitution?

A

judicial review

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7
Q

What type of law deals with crimes and their punishments?

A

criminal law

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8
Q

What type of law involves disputes between individuals or organizations?

A

civil law

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9
Q

What are the trial courts of the federal judiciary called?

A

federal district courts

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10
Q

What courts hear appeals from the federal district courts?

A

federal courts of appeals

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11
Q

What is the legal principle that requires courts to follow precedents?

A

stare decisis

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12
Q

What term refers to the opinion of the majority in a court case?

A

majority opinion

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13
Q

What is the term for an opinion that agrees with the majority but for different reasons?

A

concurring opinion

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14
Q

What is the opinion of a judge who disagrees with the majority called?

A

dissenting opinion

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15
Q

What judicial philosophy emphasizes restraint and deferring to the elected branches?

A

judicial restraint

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16
Q

What judicial philosophy advocates for a more active role of the judiciary in policy-making?

A

judicial activism (believes that the

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17
Q

What is the system in which both federal and state courts exist?

A

dual court system

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18
Q

What phrase implies that federal judges serve for life unless removed for misconduct?

A

during good behavior

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19
Q

What are laws enacted by the legislative branch called?

A

statutes

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20
Q

What type of law is developed through court decisions and precedents?

A

common law

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21
Q

What are the parties involved in a legal dispute called?

A

litigants

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22
Q

What term refers to the process of taking legal action?

A

litigation

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23
Q

What is the legal right to bring a lawsuit called?

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A

standing to sue

24
Q

What is the order issued by a higher court to review a case called?

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A

writ of certiorari

25
What is the rule that requires four justices to agree to hear a case?
rule of four
26
What are issues that can be decided by the courts called?
justiciable questions
27
What term describes issues that are not appropriate for court resolution?
political questions
28
What is a brief submitted by someone not directly involved in a case to offer information called?
amicus curiae brief
29
Fill in the blank: The debate between strict vs. _______ construction pertains to the interpretation of the Constitution.
loose construction
30
What principle focuses on understanding the original intent of the framers of the Constitution?
original intent
31
What is the judicial philosophy that emphasizes the text of the Constitution as its primary source?
textualism
32
What term refers to the idea that the Constitution is a living document that evolves over time?
living constitution
33
Who served as Chief Justice and is known for establishing the principle of judicial review?
Chief Justice John Marshall
34
Who served as Chief Justice during a period of significant civil rights advancements?
Chief Justice Earl Warren
35
What is the difference between civil rights and civil liberties?
Civil rights refer to the government's responsibility to protect individuals from discrimination, while civil liberties refer to individual freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution. ## Footnote Civil rights often involve laws and policies that ensure equal treatment, whereas civil liberties are about personal freedoms.
36
What does the Thirteenth Amendment address?
The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States. ## Footnote Ratified in 1865, it was a significant step towards civil rights.
37
What is the main purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment?
The Fourteenth Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and provides equal protection under the law. ## Footnote Ratified in 1868, it was crucial for civil rights advancements.
38
What is the equal protection clause?
The equal protection clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits states from denying any person equal protection under the law. ## Footnote It has been used in many civil rights cases.
39
What does the Fifteenth Amendment protect?
The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude.' ## Footnote Ratified in 1870, it aimed to secure voting rights for African American men.
40
What is the separate but equal doctrine?
The separate but equal doctrine was a legal principle that justified racial segregation as long as the separate facilities were considered equal. ## Footnote Established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), it was later overturned.
41
What is legal segregation?
Legal segregation refers to the enforced separation of different racial groups in public and private spaces, sanctioned by law. ## Footnote This was prevalent in the United States until the civil rights movement.
42
What is the difference between de jure and de facto segregation?
De jure segregation is segregation enforced by law, while de facto segregation occurs through social norms and practices without legal enforcement. ## Footnote Both forms of segregation can lead to unequal treatment.
43
What is affirmative action?
Affirmative action refers to policies that seek to improve opportunities for historically marginalized groups, often in education and employment. ## Footnote It aims to counteract the effects of past discrimination.
44
What is a social movement?
A social movement is a collective effort by a group of people to bring about social change. ## Footnote Civil rights movements are examples of social movements.
45
What is civil disobedience?
Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws or demands of a government, typically as a form of peaceful protest. ## Footnote It has been used effectively in various civil rights campaigns.
46
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 achieve?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. ## Footnote It was a landmark piece of legislation in the American civil rights movement.
47
What is the significance of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans, particularly in the South. ## Footnote It was a critical advancement in civil rights legislation.
48
What does the Nineteenth Amendment guarantee?
The Nineteenth Amendment guarantees women the right to vote in the United States. ## Footnote Ratified in 1920, it was a significant milestone for women's rights.
49
What is Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972?
Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sex in any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. ## Footnote It has been vital for promoting gender equality in education.
50
What is the American Indian Movement?
The American Indian Movement (AIM) is a civil rights organization that advocates for the rights of Native Americans in the United States. ## Footnote Founded in 1968, it focuses on issues such as sovereignty, treaty rights, and cultural preservation.
51
What is the Equal Rights Amendment?
The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution aimed at guaranteeing equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. ## Footnote It has not been ratified but remains a significant topic in the fight for gender equality.
52
What does the Equal Pay Act of 1963 address?
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 aims to abolish wage disparity based on sex by requiring equal pay for equal work. ## Footnote It is a key piece of legislation in the fight for gender wage equality.
53
What is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. ## Footnote It is a fundamental protection for workers against workplace discrimination.
54
What was the outcome of Bostock v. Clayton County?
Bostock v. Clayton County ruled that discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity is a form of sex discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ## Footnote This landmark decision expanded protections for LGBTQ+ individuals in the workplace.
55
What was the significance of Obergefell v. Hodges?
Obergefell v. Hodges was a landmark Supreme Court case that legalized same-sex marriage nationwide in the United States. ## Footnote Decided in 2015, it was a major victory for LGBTQ+ rights.
56
What does the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 aim to achieve?
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 aims to prevent discrimination against individuals with disabilities in various areas, including employment, public accommodations, and transportation. ## Footnote It is a key piece of legislation for disability rights.

AP Gov (4 decks)

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