Unit D: The Respiratory System

Question 1

What is Cilia and its function

Answer 1

hair projections
- increase surface area for cells (move mucus in the respiratory system)
Function: to move water relative to the cell (found in many organs of the body)

Question 2

What/are the turbinate bones and their function

Answer 2

Where: along the sides of both nasal activities
Increase surface area (heat from blood vessels warms air)
Function: regulating nasal air flow and warming air flow

Question 3

What is the nasal passage and what happens

Answer 3

• lined w/ *ciliated cells
• Secrets mucus
• *Turbinare bones
  Air is warmed, humidified, filtered (involves mucus and hairs)

Question 4

What is the Pharynx

Answer 4

• passageway → respiratory system (throat)
• Carries food + water → digestive system

Question 5

What is the Epiglottis and its function

Answer 5

• Flap of cartilage behind tongue
• Closes opening to trachea
• Prevents food/drink from passing → lung)
• Keeps food from going down trachea

Question 6

what is the glottis

Answer 6

• Opening of trachea (epiglottis flap on top to close)
• Covered (by epiglottis) when swallowing

Question 7

What is the Larynx

Answer 7

Contains vocal chords (contracts/vibrates)
Males: lengethens over time → lower voice
Voice box

Question 8

What is the trachea

Answer 8

Carries air → lungs
Asks as a windpipe
Rings of cartilage (support + maintain shape)

Question 9

What are the lungs
(specification of lobes)

Answer 9

Primary organ for respiratory system
Divided → lobes
Right = 3 lobed (slightly bigger)
Left = 2 lobed (room for heart)

Question 10

What are the bronchi
(purpose)

Answer 10

2 branches
Diameter = smaller as travelling through bronchi
Primary → secondary → tertiary → bronchioles
Carries air from trachea → lungs (passage)
Support from cartilage rings (maintain structure)
Lines with cilia + mucus cells (increase SA + protection)

Question 11

what are bronchioles

Answer 11

• Subdivisions of bronchi /lung
• No cartilage
• Lined with cilia + mucus cells

Question 12

What are alveoli

Answer 12

Ducts surrounded by sacs (cluster of grapes)
- “Gas exchange grapes”

Alveolar ducts → sacs → alveoli → capillaries

• Capillaries: bring red blood cells to transport O2 and bring
  CO2 (gas exchange w/ alveoli)
• Tiny clusters of air sacs
• Ends of bronchioles
• Site of gas exchange (CO2 dissolves → bloodstream)
  Exchanged for O2

Question 13

What is the pleural membrane

Answer 13

thin , fluid-filled membrane
Surrounds lungs
Allows expansion/contraction

Question 14

What is the Diaphragm

Answer 14

Dome-shaped layer of muscles
Separates lungs (throatic cavity) from stomach (abdominal cavity)
Works w/ ribs (move air)

Question 15

What happens to the Intercostal muscles during inhalation?

Answer 15

Intercostal muscles:
contract
Lift rib cage up and out

Question 16

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 16

it contracts and pulls downward

Question 17

What happens to the lungs during inhalation?

Answer 17

they expand to let air in

Question 18

What happens to the intercostal muscles during exhalation?

Answer 18

they relax and go back to normal

Question 19

What happens to the ribcage during exhalation?
(weight)

Answer 19

returns to normal position
*The weight on the pleural membrane cavity forces air out

Question 20

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

Answer 20

moves up
- resumes domed shape

Question 21

What happens to the lungs during exhalation?

Answer 21

they contract and the air is forced out

Question 22

What is the thoracic cavity?

Answer 22

space inside chest (contains heart, lungs etc.)

Question 23

What is the abdominal cavity?

Answer 23

between the thoracic cavity (containing the heart and lungs) and the pelvic cavity (containing the reproductive organs and bladder).

Question 24

How is the circulatory system related to the respiratory system?

Answer 24

The circulatory system contains capillaries that work in partnership with the alveoli in the bronchioles to exchange gases
- The red blood cells in the capillaries deliver oxygen to the lungs through the alveoli and pick up the Carbon dioxide for exit

Question 25

How is the respiratory system and the skeletal related?

Answer 25

ribs used to protect lungs - acts as a cage of protection

Question 26

How is the muscular and respiratory system related

Answer 26

Intercostal muscles (involved in respiration) → b/w ribs Diaphragm: a major muscle under the lungs Abdominal wall muscles Involved with expanding and contracting the thoracic cavity

Question 27

How is the nervous system related to the respiratory system?

Answer 27

Uses pH scale (based on H+ concentration) and the automatic nervous system:

Question 28

What is the automatic nervous system?

Answer 28

- regulates involuntary physiologic processes - chemoreceptors: recognizes level of CO2 in blood to tirgger inhalation - Medulla oblongata = brain stem (center of ivoluntsry life-sustaining functions) - Examples: breathing, blinking, digesting, heart rate

Question 29

What is a spirometer?

Answer 29

a medical device used to measure lung function, specifically airflow and lung volume - uses breath to move the plate in water → pushing

Question 30

What are the 5 components/parts of the spirometer (what is measured)

Answer 30

1. Tidal volumer: 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume: 3. Expiratory reserve volume: 4. Vital capacity: 5. Residual volume:

Question 31

What is tidal volume? (spirometer)

Answer 31

volume of air inhaled + exhaled (breathing normally)

Question 32

What is the inspiratory Reserve volume: (spirometer)

Answer 32

deep breathe in (as much volume as possible) Taken into lungs Beyond regular

Question 33

What is the expiratory reserve volume? (spirometer)

Answer 33

Blowing as much out as possible Forced out of lungs Beyond regular

Question 34

What is the vital capacity? (spirometer)

Answer 34

Total lung volume capacity Tidal volume + inspiratory + expiratory)

Question 35

What is the residual volume? (spirometer)

Answer 35

Amount of gas remaining in lungs Full exhalation

Question 36

Bronchi and bronchioles are lined with ____ and mucus producing cells

Answer 36

cilia

Question 37

The walls of the alveoli are _____ thick to allow gases to diffuse from the capillaries

Answer 37

one cell

Question 38

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are passed from the alveoli and capillaries through

Answer 38

diffusion

Question 39

the _____ are the primary organ of the respiratory system, housing bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 39

Lungs

Question 40

During inhalation, the diaphragm is _____ (lays flat)

Answer 40

contracted

Question 41

The ____ are sacs at the end of the bronchioles, where gas exchange occurs

Answer 41

alveoli

Question 42

During exhalation, the thoracic cavity shrinks, creating _____ pressure, which allows air to flow out

Answer 42

high

Question 43

The ______ is a fluid filled membrane that surround the lungs and allows them to expand and contract

Answer 43

pleural membrane

Question 44

the diffusion of gases in respiration follows the _____

Answer 44

concentration gradient

Question 45

The trachea holds its shape by rings of ____

Answer 45

cartilage

Question 46

During inhalation, the diaphragm is ____ (dome shaped)

Answer 46

relaxed

Question 47

From the trachea, the air enters the ______, then the bronchioles

Answer 47

bronchi

Question 48

During exhalation, the intercostal muscles move the rib cage ____

Answer 48

down

Question 49

During inhalation, the thoracic cavity expands, creating _____ pressure, which allows atmospheric air to rush in

Answer 49

low

Question 50

The are where air enters the respiratory trace, where air is warmed and moistened

Answer 50

Nasal passage

Question 51

the ______ detect carbon dioxide levels in the blood and trigger the mechanism of breathing

Answer 51

chemoreceptors

Question 52

During inhalation, the intercostal muscles move the rib cage _____.

Answer 52

up and out

Question 53

The _______ is the part of the brain that controls the involuntary life-sustaining functions such as breathing

Answer 53

Medulla oblongata

Question 54

The flap of cartilage that prevents food or water from entering the trachea when swallowing

Answer 54

Epiglottis

Question 55

Between the bronchi and bronchioles, which one has rings of cartilage to support it?

Answer 55

Bronchi

Question 56

The part of the respiratory tract that carries air to the lungs, aka the windpipe

Answer 56

trachea

Question 57

The part of the respiratory tract shared with the digestive tract

Answer 57

Pharynx

Question 58

The part of the respiratory system that contains the vocal chords

Answer 58

Larynx

Question 59

Must be covered by the epiglottis while eating to prevent food from entering the lungs

Answer 59

Trachea

Question 60

Contracts when CO2 levels in the bloodstream rise, causing the lungs to fill with air

Answer 60

Diaphragm

Question 61

Provide increased surface area in the nasal passages for the warming of air

Answer 61

turbinate bones

Question 62

The passageway into the respiratory system

Answer 62

Pharynx

Question 63

The site of gas exchange

Answer 63

alveoli

Question 64

The volume of air that is inhaled ands exhaled when breathing normally (at rest)

Answer 64

Tidal volume

Question 65

Act to trap foreign particles in the nasal passages and bronchi

Answer 65

Cilia

Question 66

Can become irritated as a result of smoking or shouting, leading to a sore throat/voice loss

Answer 66

Larynx

Question 67

Contain ciliated and mucus-producing cells, but are not supported by rings of cartilage

Answer 67

Bronchioles

Question 68

A flap of cartilage that lies behind the tongue

Answer 68

Epiglottis

Question 69

True or false: When inhaling, the diaphragm contracts and moves upwards, forcing air to enter the lungs

Answer 69

False

Question 70

True or false: Gases always move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Answer 70

True

Question 71

True or False: Oxygen enters the bloodstream through a network of capillaries surrounding the alveoli, where it is exchanged for carbon dioxide

Answer 71

True