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CCS Science 9 Flashcards > Unit D | Topic 2-5 | Pollution and pH > Flashcards

Unit D | Topic 2-5 | Pollution and pH Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of:
Pollution

A

The accumulation of a harmful or unwanted substance in the environment

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2
Q

Definition of:
Pollutant

A

A harmful substance released into the environment

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3
Q

What are the three things pollution can be present in?

A
  • Water
  • Land
  • Air
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4
Q

Definition of:
Absorption (of pollution)

A

Chemical passed through a membrane (ex. skin)

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5
Q

Definition of:
Ingestion (of pollution)

A

Chemical is actively taken in by an organism (ex. eating or inhaling

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6
Q

What are the three most common forms of pesticides?

A
  • Herbicides
  • Insecticides
  • Fungicides
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7
Q

Definition of:
Herbicides

A

Chemicals designed to kill plants (most commonly harmful weeds)

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8
Q

Definition of:
Insecticides

A

Chemicals designed to kill insects and invertebrates

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9
Q

Definition of:
Fungicides

A

Chemicals designed to kill fungi

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10
Q

Definition of:
Selective pesticides

A

Kills certain organisms but not others

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11
Q

Definition of:
Non-selective pesticides

A

Kills most if not all organisms affected by it

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12
Q

What are some benefits of pesticides?

A
  • Controls the population of unwanted organisms
  • Protects things like plants and crops from threats
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13
Q

What are some cons of pesticides?

A
  • Chemicals can sometimes harm humans
  • Chemicals can sometimes harm and kill insects important to the enviorment
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14
Q

Definition of:
Persistent pollutants

A

Pollutants that don’t break down easily and can build up in organisms

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15
Q

Definition of:
Bioaccumulation

A

The increase in concentration of a material in one organism over time

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16
Q

Definition of:
Biomagnification

A

The increase in concentration of a material as it is passed up through the food chain

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17
Q

Difference between:
Bioaccumulation and
biomagnification

A

Bioaccumulation:
Pollutants build up in one organism over time

Biomagnification:
Pollutants are gained when an organism eats another contaminated organism

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18
Q

Definition of:
The pH scale

A

The measure of how much hydrogen a substance contains

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19
Q

What does a pH measure of 7 indicate?

A

A neutral substance

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20
Q

What does a pH measure of 14 indicate?

A

A strong base

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21
Q

What does a pH measure of 0 indicate?

A

A strong acid

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22
Q

Characteristics of a base

A
  • pH above 7
  • Tastes bitter
  • Feels slippery
  • Used commonly in cleaning products
  • Conducts electricity
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23
Q

Characteristics of an acid

A
  • pH below 7
  • Tastes sour
  • Feels like water
  • Found commonly in food
  • Conducts electricity
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24
Q

Definition of:
Neutralization reactions

A

Reactions that occur between equal strength acids and bases

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25
Definition of: pH Indicators
Chemicals that change colours at different pH levels
26
Definition of: Acid precipitation
Any precipitation that has a pH below 5.6
27
How is "acid rain" caused?
Emissions from fossil fuels containing carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur compounds added with water
28
What are the three common forms of acid that cause "acid rain"?
1. Nitric acid 2. Sulfuric acid 3. Carbonate acid
29
What happens to aquatic organisms when the pH of water decreases under 5?
ded :(
30
What is the process of "liming" to neutralize acid precipitation?
Add calcium carbonate to acidic bodies of water to neutralize the pH
31
What is the process of "scrubbing" to neutralize acid precipitation?
Gasses are passed through calcium carbonate and water to clean the emissions
32
What are Catalytic converters?
Devices that contain a honeycomb coated with a catalyst such as platinum; leads to a more complete combustion
33
Definition of: Sorbent
A substance that absorbs oxides
34
Definition of: LD50 (lethal dose 50)
The amount of a substance that kills half of a population of organisms
35
What does LD50 stand for?
Lethal dose 50
36
Definition of: Acute toxicity
A substance that can cause serious harm to an organism after 1 dose
37
Definition of: Chronic toxicity
A substance of which effects are noticed after the substance builds up in an organism
38
Definition of: Circumpolar winds
Winds that carry pollution from industrialized areas to the arctic where they accumulate
39
Definition of: Sanitary landfills
Landfills incorporating a waterproof liner filled with compact garbage covered in earth
40
Definition of: Secure landfills
A specialized landfill that safely disposes of hazardous and toxic wastes
41
Definition of: Point source pollution
A specific location where pollution originates
42
Definition of: Non-point source pollution
A source of pollution in which pollutants originate from no specific location
43
Definition of: Persistent wastes
Wastes that accumulate in the environment and break down very slowly
44
Definition of: Non-persistent wastes
Wastes that can break down into non-polluting compounds by biodegradation
45
Definition of: Biodegradation
Wastes or organic material being broken down by natural chemical reactions or bacteria
46
Definition of: Photolysis
The process of breaking down harmful compounds using sunlight
47
Definition of: Phytoremeditation
Using plants to absorb toxic chemicals, the plants are then harvested and disposed of
48
What three things are required for Bioremediation?
1. Microorganisms (like bacteria) 2. Oxygen 3. High temperatures
49
Definition of: Temperature
A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles in a substance
50
True or false: Low temperature substances have a lower amount of dissolved oxygen
False: Low temperature substances (like water) hold more dissolved oxygen than high temperature substances
51
Definition of: Nitrates
Compounds made up of Nitrogen and Oxygen (most commonly found in fertilizer)
52
Definition of: Turbidity
The "cloudiness" or "clarity" of water, lots of sediment in water is considered high turbidity
53
What does high turbidity indicate about water quality?
High turbidity = poor water quality
54
What are three ways to determine water quality?
1. pH level 2. Turbidity 3. Amount of dissolved oxygen
55
What does low levels of dissolved oxygen determine about water quality?
low levels of dissolved oxygen = unhealthy and poor water quality
56
Definition of: Wastewater
(sewage): Wastes from things like bathrooms and kitchens
57
Definition of: Stormwater
Runoff water from rainfall that end up in storm sewers
58
What are the three ways wastewater is treated?
- Primary (physical) - Secondary (biological) - Tertiary (Chemical)
59
Definition of: Primary (physical) wastewater treatment
The process of filtering, sieving, and settling wastewater (can be further treated with chlorine)
60
Definition of: Secondary (biological) wastewater treatment
The process of bacteria and microorganisms decomposing biodegradable waste
61
Definition of: Tertiary (chemical) wastewater treatment
The process of using UV radiation to kill remaining bacteria
62
Definition of: The ozone layer
A thin layer of gas that is found in the stratosphere
63
What is ozone made of? (chemically?)
3 Oxygen atoms bonded together
64
Why is ozone important
Absorbs harmful UV rays (radiation from the sun)
65
What does CFC stand for?
Chlorofluorocarbons
66
Definition of: Chlorofluorocarbons
nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing chlorine, fluorine, and carbon
67
Definition of: Acid-Base Neutralization
The combining of a base and an acid to produce water and salt
68
Definition of: Aquifers
Underground reserves of water
69
Definition of: Biological indicators
An organism whose state indicates the quality of its environment
70
Definition of: Ground water
Water that filters down through soil and fills spaces under ground (water in ground :0 )
71
Definition of: Leachate
The liquid created by rainwater filtering through decomposing garbage in a landfill
72
Definition of: Microinvertebrates
An organism visible to the human eye and lacking a backbone

CCS Science 9 Flashcards (24 decks)

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