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Principles of Microbiology > Unit Exam 1 > Flashcards

Unit Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is wavelength

A

Distance between one peak of a wave and the next

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2
Q

What is amplitude

A

Height of each peak or depth of each trough

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3
Q

What is frequency

A

Rate of vibration of the wave or number of wavelengths in a specific time period

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4
Q

Identify the characteristic of EMR used in microscopy

A

Fluorescent dye absorbs ultraviolet or blue light then uses the energy to emit photons off a different color

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5
Q

Explain how lenses are used in microscopy to manipulate visible and ultraviolet light

A

Light waves interacting with material can be reflected, absorbed or transmitted. Light waves can interact with each other (interference) or be distorted by interaction with small objects or openings (diffraction)

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6
Q

Describe historical developments and individual contribution of Janssen

A

Janssen was secretive about the work and may have invented simple/compound microscopes and telescopes during the late 1500s or early 1600s

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7
Q

Describe historical developments and individual contribution of Leeuwenhoek

A

Father of microbiology, in 1674 described his observations of single-celled organisms in letters to the Royal Society of London

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8
Q

Describe historical developments and individual contribution of Hooke

A

Made many observations using a compound microscope. First to describe what we now call cells

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9
Q

Compare and contrast simple and compound microscopes

A

Simple have a single lens and compound have multiple lenses

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10
Q

What is the function and parts of a bright field microscope

A

Two or more lenses that produce a dark image on a bright background.

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11
Q

How to calculate total magnification

A

Ocular magnification x Objective magnification

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12
Q

Define the difference between resolution and magnification

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects from each other where as magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger.

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13
Q

Longer wavelengths = _____ ______

A

Lower energy

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14
Q

Does ROYGBIV go from low-high energy or high-low and which has the longest wavelengths?

A

Low to high and red has the longest wavelengths

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15
Q

What is the germ theory of disease

A

Disease may be caused by microbial infection

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16
Q

What is cell theory

A

Cells come from preexisting cells and are the fundamental units of organisms

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17
Q

What is spontaneous generation

A

Life could arise from non-living matter

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18
Q

What is miasma theory

A

Bad/noxious air could cause disease.

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19
Q

List the types of microorganisms

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, Helminths

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20
Q

What microorganism cell wall is made with peptidoglycan

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

What microorganism cell wall is made with pseudopeptidoglycan

A

Archaea

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22
Q

What microorganisms are photosynthetic?

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Algae

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23
Q

Is acidic positive or negative charge?

A

Negative

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24
Q

Is basic positive or negative charge?

A

Positive

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25
Q

Positive stains stain the _____

A

Cell

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26
Q

Negative stains stain the ______

A

Background

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27
Q

Explain the difference between simple and differential stains?

A

In simple staining a single dye is used to emphasize particular structures in the specimen.
Differential staining distinguishes organisms based on their interactions with multiple stains

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28
Q

What are the 4 steps to gram staining process?

A
  1. Crystal Violet
  2. Iodine
  3. Alcohol
  4. Safranin
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29
Q

What is the purpose of crystal violet in a gram stain process?

A

Stain cells purple or blue

30
Q

What is the purpose of Iodine in a gram stain process?

A

Makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cell walls

31
Q

What is the purpose of alcohol in gram stain process?

A

Decolorization. Washes away stain from gram negative cell walls

32
Q

What is the purpose of safranin in gram stain process?

A

Counterstain allows dye adherence to gram negative cells. Differentiate gram negative from gram positive

33
Q

What is the purpose of a gram stain?

A

Distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls

34
Q

What is the purpose of an endospore stain?

A

Differentiate endospores from the rest of the cell.

35
Q

What is the purpose of an acid fast stain?

A

Differentiate two types of gram positive cells, those with waxy mycolic acid in their cell walls and those that do not

36
Q

What is the purpose of a negative capsule stain?

A

Determine if cells in a sample have capsules

37
Q

What is the purpose of flagella staining?

A

Used to study flagella in bacteria that have them

38
Q

Describe the characteristics and application of a bright field microscope

A

Produces a dark image onto a light background. Most are binocular.

39
Q

Describe the characteristics and application of a darkfield microscope

A

Increase contrast without staining by producing a bright image on a darker background

40
Q

Describe the characteristics and application of a phase / differential interference contrast microscope

A

Uses refraction and interference caused by structures in the specimen to create high contrast, high resolution images without staining

41
Q

Describe the characteristics and application of a fluorescent microscope

A

Uses fluorescent stains to produce an image, identify pathogens, find particular species, distinguish living from dead cells

42
Q

Describe the characteristics and application of a TEM microscope

A

Uses electron beams that pass through a specimen to visualize small images.

43
Q

Describe the characteristics and application of a SEM microscope

A

Uses electron beams to visualize surfaces; useful to observe the three dimensional surface details of specimens

44
Q

Contributions of Pasteur

A

He disproved spontaneous generation theory with his swan neck flask experiment

45
Q

Contributions of Hooke to cell theory

A

Hooke was the first to use the term “cells” in 1665

46
Q

Contributions of Schwann to cell theory

A

Cells are the fundamental components of plants and animals

47
Q

Contributions of Schleiden to cell theory

A

Cells formed through crystallization rather than cell division

48
Q

Contributions of Remak to cell theory

A

Cells are derived from other cells as a result of cell division

49
Q

Contributions of Virchow to cell theory

A

All cells arise from cells

50
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory?

A

Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host

51
Q

Contributions of Semmelweis to germ theory

A

Proposed physicians were transferring diseases and agents without washing their hands between patients

52
Q

Contributions of Snow to germ theory

A

Cholera and bacteria were able to be transmitted via drinking water

53
Q

Contributions of Lister to germ theory

A

Postsurgical infections, intense handwashing and extreme cleanliness during surgery

54
Q

Contributions of Koch to germ theory

A

The cause of a specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe

55
Q

Define microbiome

A

Totality of microbial forms on and in the human body

56
Q

Define mutualism

A

Both benefit

57
Q

Define amensalism

A

One is harmed, the other is unaffected

58
Q

Define commensalism

A

One benefits, the other is unaffected

59
Q

Define neutralism

A

Both are unharmed

60
Q

Define parasitism

A

One benefits while the other is harmed

61
Q

Describe the unique features of alphaproteobacteria

A

Oligotrophic. Feeds on cells of host organism

62
Q

Describe the unique features of betaproteobacteria

A

Eutrophic. Requires a lot of organic nutrients and is hard to culture

63
Q

Describe the unique features of gammaproteobacteria

A

Largest and most diverse. Can be coliform or non coliform

64
Q

What is the difference between coliform and non coliform?

A

Coliform is acid and gas and non coliform is acid OR gas

65
Q

Describe the unique features of deltaproteobacteria

A

Able to reduce sulfate or elemental sulfur. Some are scavengers and some are myxospores

66
Q

Describe the unique features of epsilonproteobacteria

A

Smallest group. Campylobacter and helicobacter are human pathogens

67
Q

Describe the unique features of spirochetes

A

Motile, spiral bacteria with a long narrow body. Difficult to culture

68
Q

Explain the importance of cyanobacteria

A

Oxygen producing bacteria

69
Q

How are gram positive bacteria divided taxonomically?

A

They are divided by high G+C gram positive and low G+C gram positive.

70
Q

Actinobacteria is the taxonomic name of the class of ____ G+C gram positive bacteria

A

High

71
Q

Bacilli is the taxonomic name of the class of ____ G+C gram positive bacteria

A

Low

Principles of Microbiology (16 decks)

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