Unit Exam 1 Flashcards by Brandon Atkins

any push or pull action or influence that moves or deforms an object

Force

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describes both magnitude and direction

Vector

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Linear Force

Parallel Forces

Concurrent Force

Resultant Force

Types of Force

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2 or more forces acting along same line. (Pulling in the same direction or in opposite directions but in the same line)

Linear Force

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forces occur in the same plane in the same or opposite direction (same plane meaning both or all forces act horizontally, vertically, diagonally, etc., in the same or opposite directions)

Parallel Force

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2 or more forces act from a common point but pull in different (divergent) directions which results in a “resultant force”

Concurrent Force

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Net effect of two divergent forces.

-Lies somewhere in between

Resultant Force

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Compression/approximation (push together)
Traction/tensile/distraction (pull apart)
Shear (two ends moving in opposite directions)

Resulting action of force on joint

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Occurs when two forces act in an equal but opposite direction

Results in a turning effect

Example: Unscrewing a jar lid
Force A - fingers
Force B - thumb

Force Couple

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Also known as moment of force. Ability of force to produce rotation about an axis-can be thought of as rotary force.

Torque

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Amount of force exerted
Perpendicular distance from the axis – moment arm
Moment arm is also known as torque arm

Torque = force x moment arm

Amount of torque a lever has depends on:

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The direct line of pull of a muscles insertion moving towards its origin (straight line)
Could be origin moving towards insertion in closed chain movements

Line of Pull

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Perpendicular distance from the force’s line of pull to the axis of rotation.

Moment arm

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Amount of force exerted

Distance from the axis

The amount of torque a lever has depends on:

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Increasing the force applied

Increasing distance from the axis

We can increase torque by:

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small perpendicular distance b/n joint axis and line of pull; so the force generated by the muscle pulls the 2 bones of the joint closer together

Stabilizing force

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when the angle of pull is at 90 degrees the perpendicular distance is larger b/n the joint axis and line of pull; so force generated by the muscle causes movement (joint rotation) not stabilization

Angular force or movement force

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when the angular force is greater than 90 degrees it becomes a dislocating force because force is directed away from the joint

Dislocating force

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when an object is balanced, all torques acting on it are even

State of equilibrium

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the mutual attraction between the earth and an object

Gravity

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always directed vertically downward toward the center of the earth

Gravitational force

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when an object is in a position where disturbing it would require its COG to be raised

Stable equilibrium

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occurs when only a slight is needed to disturb an object

Unstable equilibrium

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when an object’s COG in neither raised nor lowered when it is disturbed

Neutral equilibrium

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rigid bar that can rotate about a fixed point when a force is applied

Lever

where rotation occurs; also called fulcrum

Axis

force that causes the lever to move – usually muscle but not always

Force

what must overcome the force for motion to occur; may be the weight of the body part being moved, it can also be gravity, or even a weight applied to the body part that is moving

Resistance

the perpendicular distance (or length) between the line of force and the axis

Force Arm

perpendicular distance between the line of resistance and axis

Resistance arm

Three classes of levers | Each has a different purpose and different mechanical advantage

``` First class lever Second class lever Third class lever ```

Axis between the force and the resistance Example: seesaw Designed for balance F----A----R

First class lever

Axis opposite force, resistance in the middle Example: wheelbarrow Designed for power F----R----A

Second class lever

Axis opposite resistance, force in the middle Example: Screen door with spring, or bicep curl Designed for motion A----F----R

Third class lever

Feature of levers and machines | Relation between the force arm and the resistance arm

Mechanical advantage

Mechanical Advantage = Force Arm/Resistance Arm Mechanical Advantage of a lever determined by dividing the length of the force arm by the length of the resistance arm

Determining mechanical advantage

Changing the length of the FA or RA will make movement easier or harder

Longer force arm means shorter resistance arm means easier Longer resistance arm means shorter force arm means harder

``` Think triceps pushdown cable. Acts as a first class lever. Used to change direction ```

Fixed pulley

Has one side of rope attached to beam, runs thru fixed pulley at other end. a weight attached to a movable pulley is placed on the rope in the middle. Used to increase mechanical advantage of force.

Movable pulley

number of times a machine multiplies the force, hence, making movement easier.

Mechanical advantage

Think door knob or handle on bathroom sink.

Wheel and axel

the balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal

Center of Gravity

an imaginary vertical line passing through the COG toward the center of the earth

Line of Gravity

that part of a body that is in contact with the supporting surface

Base of Support

The wider the BOS the more stable A wider the BOS in the direction of the force results in greater stability

Balance

The lower the center of gravity, the more stable the object

Balance Principle 1

The center of gravity and line of gravity must remain within the base of support for an object to remain stable

Balance principle 2

Stability increases as the base of support is widened in the direction of the force

Balance principal 3

The greater the mass of an object, the greater the stability

Balance Principle 4

The greater the friction between the supporting surface and the base of support, the more stable the body will be

Balance principle 5

People have better balance while moving if they focus on a stationary object rather than on a moving object

Balance principle 6

Linear motion - rectilinear motion - curvilinear motion - angular motion

3 types of linear motion

movement that occurs in a straight line

Rectilinear motion

movement that occurs in a curved path that isn't necessarily circular

Curvilinear motion

Movement of an object around a fixed point

Angular motion, or rotary motion

Sagittal plane-passes thru front to back Frontal plane-passes thru side to side Transverse plane-divides top and bottom

Planes

Point that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates ex) sagittal axis-runs thru joint front to back frontal axis-runs thru joint from side to side VERTICAL axis-(longitudinal axis) runs thru joint top to bottom

Axes

PLANE: sagittal; AXIS: frontal PLANE: frontal; AXIS: sagittal PLANE: transverse; AXIS: vertical Motions on cell phone pic

Joint Motions

Component movements | Joint play

2 types of accessory motion

motions that accompany active motion but are not under voluntary control. Ex) shoulder girdle must rotate upward during shoulder flexion. The femur rotates on the tibia during the last few degrees of knee extension Rotation occurs at the thumb during opposition

Component movements

passive movements between joint surfaces done by passively applying external force. Also not under voluntary control. Includes glide, spin, and roll

Joint play

Rolling of one joint surface on another | Ex) rolling of ball across a surface

Roll

linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface. One point on a joint surface contacts new points on the adjacent surface. Ex) Ice skater sliding across the ice

Glide, or slide

the rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface. The same point on each surface remains in contact with each other. Ex) humerous rotating laterally and medially in the glenoid fossa

Spin

``` Traction, or distraction or tension Approximation, or compression Shear Bending Rotary, or torsional force ``` Pictures on phone

Accessory motion forces

Trunk - Thorax Vertebra Skull

Axial Skeleton

Pelvis Scapula Upper & Lower Extremities

Appendicular Skeleton

1/3 organic (living) material = provides elasticity | 2/3 inorganic (nonliving) material = provides strength/hardness

Bone consists of:

``` Fibrous Cartilaginous Osseous Nervous Vascular ```

Types of bone tissue composition

Hard Dense outer shell Thicker along the shaft, flat bones & skull Thinner at ends of the bone

Compact Bone

Porous & spongy= traveculae Pores filled with marrow Most of the articular ends

Cancellous Bone

Mesh network of bone Adds strength Related to stress applied

Cancellous Bone = Trabeculae

Long Bones Humerus Short Bones Carpal Flat Bones Skull – parietal Irregular Bones Vertebrae Sesamoid Bones Patella

Types of Bone - 5

``` Epiphysis Epiphyseal Plate Diaphysis Medullary Canal Metaphysis Endosteum Periosteum ``` Picture on phone!

Long Bone Structures

Dimensions almost equal for length, height, width Cubical shape Articulate with > than 1 bone

Short Bones

Broad thin surface Manufacture of blood cells Compact – cancellous – compact bone

Flat Bones

Variety of mixed shapes

Irregular Bones

Located where tendons cross long bones Develop within the tendon Change the angle of attachment of a tendon Protect from excessive wear Example – patella: changes angle of quadriceps muscle group – which improves the mechanical advantage of the muscle - makes it stronger

Sesmoid Bones

FORAMEN: hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass. FOSSA: hollow or depression GROOVE: ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel MEATUS: canal or tublike opening in a bone SINUS: air-filled cavity within a bone

Bone Markings-openings and depressions

CONDYLE: rounded knuckelike projection EMINENCE: projecting, prominent part of bone FACET: flat or shallow articular surface HEAD: rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone

Bone Markings-projections or process that fit into joints

CREST: sharp ridge or border EPICONDYLE: prominence above or on a condyle LINE: less prominent ridge SPINE: long, thin projection (spinous process) TUBERCLE: small, rounded projection TUBEROSITY: large, rounded projection TROCHANTER: very large prominence for muscle attachment

Bone Markings-projections/processes that attach tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissue

Allows for Weight Bearing Allows for motion Provides stability

Purpose of joints

Fibrous Joint - has thin layer of fibrous periosteum b/n the bones Cartilaginous Joint -has hyaline cartilage or fribrocartilage b/n the bones Synovial Joint - no direct union between the ends of the bones – so bones do not touch each other!

Types of Joints

Synarthrosis; Suture joint, Ends interlock, No motion, Provides shape & strength Syndesmosis: Ligament joint, Very little to no motion, Provides shape & strength Gomphosis: Bolted together, Tooth in socket, No movement. Picture on phone!

Fibrous Joints

Amphiarthrodial: Bone ends united by cartilage, Hyaline or fibrocartilage, Slight movement, Provide stability, Absorb shock Example: fibrocartilaginous disc between vertebrae Picture on phone!

Cartilaginous Joints

Diarthrodail: Space filled with synovial fluid Allows for free motion Type of motion depends on the shape of the bones Non-axial Uni-axial Bi-axial Multi/tri-axial

Synovial Joints

Movement is usually linear instead of angular Gliding Motion Accessory Motion only – motion occurs as secondary to other motion: example carpal bones

Nonaxial Synovial Joint 0 degrees of motion

Hinge: Angular motion occurs in 1 plane around 1 axis like a hinge Example elbow joint, knee joint Pivot: Or pivot motion at C1 and C2 allowing the head to rotate (or turn from side to side) Hinge joint and Pivot joint

Uniaxial Synovial joint 1 degree of motion

Motion occurs in 2 different directions Example where the finger attaches to the hand = Metaphalangeal joint or MP joint = you are able to move your fingers in flexion and extension at that joint or from side to side as in abduction and adduction thus 2 degrees of freedom Condyloid (ovoid) joint: Concave surface slides over a convex surface Saddle (sellar) joint:Each surface convex in one plane & concave in the other Picture on Phone!

Biaxial Synovial Joint 2 degrees of motion

Example shoulder & hip can move in Flexion and extension (sagittal plane) Abduction and adduction (rontal plane) Rotation (transverse plane) Ball & Socket Convex surface fits into a concave socket Femoral head is convex; acetabulum is concave

Triaxial Synovial Joint 3 degrees of motion

Hyaline/Articular Cartilage: Covers ends of bones; No blood or nerve supply – gets all nutrition from synovial fluid Fibrocartilage Shock absorber Elastic Designed to maintain shape of structure i.e. ear Tendon: connects muscle to bone Tendon Sheaths: fibrous sleeves that surround a tendon which would experience pressure or friction as it passes through muscles or bone Aponeurosis: broad, flat tendinous sheet Linea Alba: aponeurosis that attaches the right and left abdominal muscles in the midline of the anterior trunk Bursae: small sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with fluid; purpose is to decrease friction between moving parts Fracture: broken bone Dislocation: separation of the 2 surfaces of a joint Subluxation: partial dislocation of a joint Sprain: partial or complete tearing of fibers of a ligament Strain: overstretching of muscle fibers Tendonitis: inflammation of a tendon Tenosynovitis: inflammation of tendon sheath Synovitis: inflammation of synovial membrane Bursitis: inflammation of bursae Capsulitis: inflammation of joint capsule

Some definitions

``` Location Shape Action Number of heads Attachment Direction of fibers Size of the muscle ```

Muscles Names: may be derived from any of the following 7 categories

Parallel fibers: usually longer and can move the joint and distal segment further Oblique fibers: usually shorter, but more of then in an area which increases strength

2 Types of Muscle Fiber Arrangement

Strap – long thin > Range Fusiform – shaped like a spindle; wider in the middle Rhomboid – 4 sided, flat broad attachments Triangular - flat, fan shaped, broad attachment at one end, narrow attachment at the other end

Parallel fibers - advantage is movement

Oblique Fibers – advantage is strength, they have a feather arrangement Unipenate – one sided Bipennate– both sides of a central tendon Multipenate – many tendons with oblique fibers

Oblique fibers - advantage is strength

Resting Length Length of muscle when unstimulated Irritability / Excitability Ability to respond to stimuli Response is to contract Contractility Ability to contract & produce tension between the ends Extensibility Ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied Elasticity Ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretch or shortening force is removed

Functional characteristics of muscle

Agonist/Prime Mover: muscle that causes the movement Assisting Mover: assists the agonist but is not as effective Antagonist: muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist Co-contraction: agonist & antagonist contract at the same time Stabilizer: fixator, supports a joint to allow the agonist to work more efficiently Neutralizer: prevents unwanted motion Synergist: muscle that works with another to enhance a particular motion Assisting mover, stabilizer, neutralizer

Roles of muscles

Maximal elongation to maximal shortening of a muscle Shortened to ~ ½ normal resting length Stretched to ~ twice as far as it can be shortened One joint muscle = no problem A one joint muscle goes over only one joint Two joint muscle may not have enough excursion ( may not be able to move thru full Range over multiple joints) Picture

Muscle Excursion

Active & Passive Insufficiency occur in what we call 2 joint muscles – which means the muscle crosses 2 joints

Active and Passive Insufficiency

The diminished ability of a muscle to produce or maintain active tension Active tension is tension / force that is generated by a muscle contraction Most common when full ROM attempted simultaneously at all joints crossed Occurs to the agonist during a contraction Muscle reaches a point it can’t shorten anymore

Active Insufficiency

When a muscle cannot be elongated any farther without damage to the fibers Occurs in the antagonist Results from a stretch to the antagonist This is a passive activity

Passive Insufficiency

force that builds up in a muscle Active tension: contractile elements Passive tension: non-contractile elements Total Tension: active + passive tension

Tension

Close to resting length & slightly longer

Optimal length at which a muscle is capable of developing maximal tension

Isometric Contraction Muscle contraction produces force but NO joint movement Muscle length remains the same ``` Isotonic Contraction: Muscle contracts producing force, Length of the muscle changes & Joint moves Speed variable through out range ``` Isokinetic Muscle contracts producing force & length of muscle changes Joint moves Speed throughout range stays the same & resistance varies This is not functional motion, requires specialized equipment

3 basic types of muscle contraction

``` #1-What joint is moving? #2-What joint motion is occurring? #3-What muscle group causes the joint motion in #2? ``` #4 What muscle group performs the opposite joint motion of #2? #5 What is the effect of gravity? a. .gravity is resisting the joint motion b. .gravity is assisting the joint motion c. .gravity is eliminated (not assisting or resisting the joint motion

Isotonic Contraction Problem Solving – eccentric or concentric

Closed Kinetic Chain Distal segment fixed & proximal segment moves Standing to sitting foot (distal segment) is fixed but proximal segments = hip and knee move Open Kinetic Chain: Distal segment free to move and proximal segment remains stationary Sitting – move knee from flexion to extension (proximal segment (hip) doesn’t move; but distal segment (knee and foot) do move

Kinetic Chain: Open or Closed??

If gravity is resisting the movement then the muscle group is contracting concentrically * If gravity is assisting the movement, then the muscle is contracting eccentrically If gravity is eliminated then the muscle is contracting concentrically The agonist is the muscle or muscle group that causes the motion

Remember the rules

Central Nervous System (CNS) **Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) **Cranial Nerves, Brachial Plexus, Spinal Nerves, Lumbrosacral Plexus Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) **Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS

Nervous System - 3 parts

Cell body: contains nucleus Dendrites: receive impulses from other parts of nervous system and bring them to the cell body of the neuron Axons: transmit impulses away from the cell body – consists of 1 branch Myelin: increases speed of transmission along nerve

Nervous Tissue

Look at picture - Involve: Cell Body Dendrites Axons Myelinization Nodes of Ranvier

Anatomy of Neuron Look at picture

Afferent (sensory) transmits sensory information INTO the CNS Sensory information includes such things as touch, pressure, sharpness or dullness 2. Efferent (motor) transmits information FROM CNS to muscles & glands cell body, dendrites and short segment of axon lies in CNS 3. Interneurons account for 99% of neurons all located in CNS connect neurons within the brain and spinal cord for processing and integrating information

3 Basic types of Neurons

Continuation of the medulla Runs within the vertebral canal From the foramen magnum to the cone-shaped conus medullaris (at ~L2 level) Spinal cord ends at 2nd lumbar vertebrae Look at picture on phone

Spinal Cord

Composed of all the nervous tissue outside the vertebral canal Cranial nerves – 12 pair ``` Spinal nerves – 31 pair 8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal ```

Peripheral Nervous Tissue

The 3 plexus formed by the spinal nerves are named based on their location and the spinal nerve root levels that form them 1.Cervical Plexus – Nerve roots C1 - C4 form the cervical plexus Innervates neck muscles 2. Brachial Plexus - C5 - T1 Innervates UE muscles Intercostal Nerves - T2 - T12 ``` 3. Lumbosacral Plexus- L1 - S5 Innervates LE muscles Lumbar portion- L1-L4 Supplies mostly the thigh Sacral portion - L5-S5 Supplies mostly the leg and foot ```

Plexus Formation

Unit Exam 1 Flashcards

(114 cards)