Unit Exam 3 Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A
To facilitate gas exchange, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2
Q
What is the main muscle involved in breathing.
A
diaphragm
3
Q
What term describes the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing?
A
Tidal volume
4
Q
What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?
A
They are the sites of gas exchange.
5
Q
What is the primary gas transported by hemoglobin?
A
Oxygen
6
Q
What part of the brain regulates the rate and depth of breathing
A
medulla oblongata
7
Q
What is a common method to assess lung function?
A
Spirometry
8
Q
What is the role of the capillaries in the respiratory system?
A
To facilitate the exchange of gases between blood and alveoli.
9
Q
What does the term ‘cardiac output’ refer to?
A
The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.
10
Q
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
A
Systolic is the pressure during heartbeats; diastolic is the pressure between beats.
11
Q
What is the term for the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation?
A
Residual volume
12
Q
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
A
It contracts and moves downward.
13
Q
What is the role of the intercostal muscles during breathing?
A
To assist with the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity.
14
Q
What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?
A
7.35 to 7.45
15
Q
All breathing is controlled from the?
A
brainstem
16
Q
What is the term for the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs?
A
Ventilation
17
Q
What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
A
Artery
18
Q
DoesThe left atrium receive oxygenated or deoxygenated blood from the lungs.
A
Oxygenated
19
Q
What is the primary purpose of pulmonary circulation?
A
To oxygenate blood.
20
Q
What is the effect of increased carbon dioxide levels on respiration?
A
It stimulates an increase in the rate and depth of breathing.
21
Q
What does the term ‘oxygen saturation’ refer to?
A
The percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen.
22
Q
What is the term for the pressure exerted by gases in the alveoli?
A
Alveolar pressure
23
Q
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
A
To transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
24
Q
What is the term for the total volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration?
A
Inspiratory reserve volume
25
What is the structure that prevents backflow of blood in the heart?
Valves
26
What is the term for the decrease in lung volume that occurs during expiration?
Expiratory reserve volume
27
What is the region of the brain that integrates sensory information and regulates breathing.
pons
28
Where is the cardiovascular centre located
It is located in the ventrolateral aspect of the medulla
29
What does the cardiovascular system consist of
A pump
High pressure (arterial) distribution system
Exchange vessels
Low pressure (venous) collection system
30
What are the three types of cardiovascular sensory receptors?
Chemo receptors: to text changes in arterial O2, CO2, and pH
Barroreceptors: detect changes in blood pressure
Muscle and joint receptors
31
List and explain the types of chemo receptors
Aortic body chemoreceptor: located on the aortic arch and send info through the vagus nerve
Carotid body chemoreceptors: located at the junction of the internal and external carotid artery, sends info through the glossopharyngeal nerves
32
List the type of barroreceptors
Arterial barroreceptors
Cardiopulmonary barroreceptors
33
Let the types of muscle and joint receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Metaboreceptors
34
How does the cardiovascular centre exert sympathetic influence?
Sympathetic influence comes from the cardiac plexus which innervates SA and AV nodes as well as atria and ventricles. This means that sympathetic influence increases HR and stroke volume. It also releases norepinephrine.
35
How does the cardiovascular centre exert parasympathetic influence?
Parasympathetic influence travels through the vagus nerves. These nerves release acetylcholine, which on the heart, binds to cholinergic receptors, which causes a decrease in the rate of essay and AV no firing rate. HR increases due to this effect.
36
Explain how neurotransmitters and hormones are involved in the sympathetic response
As a neurotransmitter, norepinephrine exerts, sympathetic influence directly on the heart. Norepinephrine also stimulates the adrenal medulla to release catecholamine hormones known as Norepinephrin and epinephrin
As a neurotransmitter and as catecholamines, epinephrin and norepinephrin to adrenergic receptors
37
What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?
Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the respiratory system
Respiration is the gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli
38
List and explain the two types of respiration
Internal respiration: exchange of gases between blood and cells
External respiration: exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood
39
Explain, quiet breathing
Quiet breathing occurs at rest, where inspiration is the active contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals and expiration is the passive elastic recoil of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
40
Explain active breathing
Occurs during exercise where inspiration is the active contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals, but the expiration differs from quiet as there is active contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal musculature instead of passive
41
Where is the respiratory centre located?
In the ventrolateral aspect of the medulla and the pontine tegmentun in the pons
42
What does the respiratory centre consist of?
DRG (dorsal respiratory group): regulates respiratory rate
VRG (ventral respiratory group): regulates, expiration, and facilitates inspiration during active breathing
PRG (Pontine respiratory group): regulates title volume
43
What are the 2 centers in the pontine respiratory group
Apneustic centre: stimulates DRG to prolong inspiration, making deeper breaths
Pneumotaxic centre: inhibits DRG to shorten inspiration, making shallow or breaths
44
What are the types of respiratory sensory receptors?
Chemo receptors
Pulmonary stretch receptors
Muscle and joint receptors
45
What are the two types of pulmonary stretch receptors in the respiratory sensory receptors
Slowly, adapting, pulmonary stretch receptors
Rapidly adapting, pulmonary stretch, receptors
46
What are the two types of muscle and joint receptors in the respiratory sensory receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
Metaboreceptors
47
Explain slowly, adapting, pulmonary stretch, receptors
They are located in the smooth muscle of our lungs and they detect lung stretch/inflation. They prevent over inflation and detect and send inhibitory signals through the vagus nerve.
48
Explain rapidly adapting, pulmonary stretch, receptors
Located in the pulmonary epithelium (skin cell lining). They respond to rapid inflations of the lung, and they transmit signals through excitatory signals through the vagus nerve. They act as irritant receptors producing protective mechanisms, such as coughing, increased, breathing rate, and bronchoconstriction.
49
How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Oxygen is transported in blood plasma and bound to hemoglobin, it binds to the iron in the globin subunits (alpha and beta globin, haemoglobin
Carbon dioxide can be transported in blood plasma ((5%)) bound to haemoglobin (20 to 30%) and by carbonate buffering system (65 to 75%)
50
What is the oxygen haemoglobin disassociation curve?
This shows the relationship between the partial pressure of O2 and haemoglobin oxygen saturation. As the partial pressure of O2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin also increases.
51
Explain how carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are processed by the bicarbonate buffering system
Red blood cells contain an enzyme, called carbonic anyhdrase, this enzyme, then catalyzes reaction between CO2 and water producing carbonic acid. This acid is unstable and immediately disassociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions in red blood cells bind to the protein structure in hemoglobin, causing a change in the structure of haemoglobin which kicks oxygen off, resulting in oxygen offloading in the active musculature. Bicarbonate then leaves the red blood cell for chloride to enter.
52
Describes the Bohr effect
The Bohr affect illustrates decreases in haemoglobin affinity for O2 due to increases in partial pressure of carbon dioxide
53
Describe the haldene effect
The haldene effect shows the decreases in hemoglobin’s affinity for C02 due to increased increases in partial pressure of oxygen
54
Define and explain hyperventilation
Hyperventilation is a sensation of irregular, rapid breathing, due to needing to rapidly offload CO2.
55
Define VO2, VCO2, and VO2 max
V02: oxygen consumption and the volume of oxygen consumed by tissue
Vc02: carbon dioxide production, and the volume of carbon dioxide produced by tissue
V02 max: the maximum rate of oxygen consumption during incremental exercise
56
Define thermal regulation
The ability of an organism to maintain its body temperature with certain boundaries in varying environmental conditions
57
Explain the thermal regulatory process under cold stress
Cutaneous thermal receptors detect the cold environment, causing the hypothalamus to generate a heat conservation response. The cold exposure initiates a stress response which causes peripheral vasal construction, shivering, hormonal response. The stress/hormonal response releases epinephrin and epinephrin from the adrenal medulla. The released epinephrin increases, cardiac function and metabolic activity. The released nor epinephrin causes peripheral vasal construction.
58
List and explain What are the four mechanisms for heat transfer?
Radiation: heat transfer through radiant energy. All objects, continuously admit, electromagnetic heat heat waves, which can be absorbed by cooler objects in the area.
Conduction: transfer through contact
Convection: transfer/heat loss by air movement
Evaporation: heat transfer/heat loss from water vaporizing. This provides the major defence against overheating.
59
What are three factors that influence the total amount of sweat vaporized from skin/other pulmonary surfaces?
The amount of surface area exposed to the environment
Temperature and relative humidity of the ambient air
Convective air current about the body
60
Outline specific adaptations of the cardiovascular system
Increased aerobic capacity
Increased plasma, volume and red blood cell mass increasing the total blood volume
Stroke volume: increased ventricular, compliance, internal ventricular, dimensions, myocardial, contractility, and Venus return
Lower resting heart rate
Heart remodelling: an increase (hypertrophy) in the left ventricular mass and left ventricular wall thickness
Blood volume: this increase in blood/plasma volume can improve/increase Venus return since more blood is returning to the heart. There will be an increase in and diastolic volume and temperature regulation.
Gas Exchange: production of new and greater number of capillaries in a process called angiogenesis which makes more capillaries alveoli and more capillaries per muscle fibre
Heart rate recovery: trained individuals are able to get rid of more CO2 faster than an untrained individual resulting in a faster recovery back to resting heart rate
61
Outline specific adaptations of the respiratory system
Muscular strength and endurance of the primary and accessory respiratory muscular chair, reducing the (relative) exercise energy demands
62
List some adaptive changes in cardio, respiratory physiology from bedrest and aging according to the study
After bedrest, VO two decreased by 27% and cardiac output decreased by 26%
After endurance training, VO2 was increased by 45% and cardiac output by 40%
30 years of bedrest at 20 or more detrimental to an individuals cardio, respiratory physiology, and 30 years of aging
