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Biology > Unit Fi > Flashcards

Unit Fi Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light dependent reaction
  2. Light independent reaction
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2
Q

Where does the light-dependent reaction occur?

A

Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

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3
Q

What happens during photoionisation in the light-dependent reaction?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, exciting electrons and releasing them.

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4
Q

What is produced from the energy released during photoionisation?

A

ATP and reduced NADP

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5
Q

What is photolysis of water?

A

Water splits to produce protons, electrons, and oxygen (H2O → ½ O2 + 2e- + 2H+)

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6
Q

What is the role of rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

A

Catalyses the reaction of CO2 with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

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7
Q

What happens to glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) in the Calvin cycle?

A

GP is reduced to triose phosphate (TP) using reduced NADP and ATP.

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8
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Rate increases with temperature until an optimum, then decreases due to enzyme denaturation.

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9
Q

What is the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis?

A

Rate increases with light intensity until another factor becomes limiting.

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10
Q

How does CO2 concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Rate increases with CO2 concentration until another factor becomes limiting.

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11
Q

What is a key consideration when evaluating agricultural practices related to photosynthesis?

A

Profit from increased yield should exceed costs.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of paper chromatography in isolating pigments?

A

To separate and identify pigments from leaves.

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13
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis.

A
  1. Glucose phosphorylated to glucose phosphate
  2. Hydrolysed to 2 x triose phosphate
  3. Oxidised to 2 pyruvate
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14
Q

What occurs during anaerobic respiration after glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate is converted to lactate or ethanol, regenerating NAD.

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15
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration produce less ATP than aerobic respiration?

A

Only glycolysis occurs, producing limited ATP.

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16
Q

What happens to pyruvate in aerobic respiration?

A

It is actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix.

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17
Q

What are the products of the link reaction per glucose molecule?

A

2 x Acetyl Coenzyme A, 2 x CO2, 2 x reduced NAD

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18
Q

What are the main products of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

A

6 x reduced NAD, 2 x reduced FAD, 2 x ATP, 4 x CO2

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19
Q

Describe the oxidative phosphorylation process.

A
  1. Reduced NAD/FAD oxidised
  2. Electrons transferred down electron transfer chain
  3. ATP produced via chemiosmosis
  4. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
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20
Q

Give examples of other respiratory substrates.

A

Breakdown products of lipids and amino acids.

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21
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase in photosynthesis?

A

Catalyses the reduction of NADP in the light-dependent reaction.

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22
Q

How can the rate of dehydrogenase activity be measured?

A

By timing the decolourisation of DCPIP in the presence of chloroplasts.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of control in experimentation?

A

To isolate the effect of the variable being tested.

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24
Q

What is the significance of using Rf values in chromatography?

A

Rf values allow for comparison of pigments under consistent conditions.

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25
What is the main function of ATP in cellular processes?
To release energy for active transport, protein synthesis, etc.
26
What are NAD and FAD used for in respiration?
They are used in respiration to carry electrons.
27
What is produced when triose phosphate is oxidised?
Pyruvate.
28
What does the Krebs cycle produce?
Reduced NAD and FAD.
29
What is the difference between the Krebs cycle and the Calvin cycle?
The Krebs cycle is the third stage of aerobic respiration, while the Calvin cycle is the second stage of photosynthesis.
30
What does 'OIL RIG' stand for?
Oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain.
31
What happens to protons during respiration?
Protons move across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space.
32
What is the first step in using a respirometer to measure aerobic respiration?
Add a set mass of single-celled organism to a set volume/concentration of substrate.
33
Why is a buffer added in the respirometer experiment?
To keep pH constant.
34
What is the purpose of adding sodium hydroxide in a respirometer?
To absorb CO2.
35
What does the movement of the liquid in the respirometer indicate?
O2 is taken in and CO2 is given out.
36
Why must the respirometer apparatus be airtight?
To prevent air entering or leaving, which would change volume and pressure.
37
How is the rate of respiration calculated?
Volume of O2/CO2 consumed divided by mass of organism and time taken.
38
What is the formula for calculating NPP?
NPP = GPP - R.
39
What is gross primary production (GPP)?
Chemical energy store in plant biomass, in a given area or volume, in a given time.
40
What is net primary production (NPP)?
Chemical energy store in plant biomass after respiratory losses to the environment.
41
What are the units for primary or secondary productivity?
kJ ha-1 year-1.
42
What is the role of saprobionts in nutrient cycling?
They decompose organic compounds and release mineral ions.
43
What is the role of mycorrhizae?
To increase the rate of uptake of water and inorganic ions for plants.
44
What do redox indicator dyes like methylene blue do?
Change color when they accept electrons, modeling their reactions.
45
What are the stages of the nitrogen cycle?
* Nitrogen fixation * Ammonification * Nitrification * Denitrification.
46
Describe how dry mass of tissue can be measured.
Sample dried in an oven and weighed until mass remains constant.
47
What is the importance of NPP in ecosystems?
It is available for plant growth and reproduction and to other trophic levels.
48
Why is dry mass more representative than fresh mass?
Water volume in wet samples varies, affecting mass.
49
What happens during ammonification?
Nitrogen-containing compounds are decomposed into ammonia.
50
Explain why ploughing increases soil fertility.
Increases nitrification and reduces denitrification.
51
What is the key environmental issue arising from fertilizer use?
Leaching leading to eutrophication.
52
What is the difference between artificial and natural fertilizers?
* Natural: organic (manure, compost) * Artificial: inorganic compounds.
53
How can crop farming practices increase efficiency of energy transfer?
* Using herbicides * Using pesticides * Using fungicides * Fertilizers.
54
What is one source of error when using methylene blue?
Subjective determination of color change.
55
What is primary productivity?
The rate of primary production.
56
What is the formula for net production of consumers (N)?
N = I - (F + R).
57
What is a common mistake regarding biomass?
Stating that biomass is dry mass.
58
What is the effect of algal bloom on submerged plants?
Light is blocked, preventing photosynthesis ## Footnote This leads to the death of submerged plants.
59
What happens to dead plant matter after algal bloom?
It is decomposed by saprobionts, using oxygen in aerobic respiration ## Footnote This process reduces oxygen availability for fish.
60
What is the consequence of reduced oxygen for fish due to algal bloom?
Fish may die due to insufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration
61
What is a key advantage of using natural fertiliser over artificial fertiliser?
Less water soluble, leading to less leaching and reduced risk of eutrophication ## Footnote Organic molecules require breakdown by saprobionts, allowing for slow release of nutrients.
62
What must be named instead of using the term 'decomposers'?
Saprobionts
63
Why are ammonia and nitrate not considered biological molecules?
They do not contain carbon ## Footnote Biological molecules include proteins and DNA, which contain carbon.
64
What do nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas into?
Ammonia (a nitrogen-containing compound) ## Footnote They do not convert nitrogen gas directly into nitrate ions.
65
During ammonification, what needs to be named?
Nitrogen-containing compounds, such as proteins or DNA
66
Do all lipids contain phosphorus?
No, only phospholipids contain phosphorus
67
What happens to submerged plants during eutrophication due to algal blooms?
They die because they cannot photosynthesise
68
What do saprobionts do with dead plant matter?
They decompose it and aerobically respire, using oxygen

Biology (8 decks)

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