Unit I

Question 1

What 2 forces determine direction of flow of ions across neuron membrane?

Answer 1

Concentration gradient and electrical potential gradient

Question 2

For every I ATP consumed by a Na/k+ ion pump, what happens?

Answer 2

Pumps 2 k+ ions in, and 3 Na+ ions out of the cell

Question 3

Hxperpolarization

Answer 3

Occurs when inhibitory potentials are introduced to the cell (negative energy potentials) results in the cell s energy potential going below -70mv

Question 4

Depolarization

Answer 4

Occurs from excitatory potentials (positive), causing the cells potential energy to increase above -70mv

Question 5

What is the threshold potential? In mv

Answer 5

About -55 mv

Question 6

What is the peak membrane potential reached duringan aation potential

Answer 6

About 100mv above resting, so about +30mv

Question 7

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 7

GABA

Question 8

Primary excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 8

Glutamate

Question 9

How fast are post synaptic potentials?

Answer 9

Fast ones range from 1-10 Ms, and slow ones from 100ms up to multiple mins.

Question 10

Where in the neuron does The PSP trigger an action potential?

Answer 10

Axon hillock

Question 11

Glial cell functions

Answer 11

Support, insulation,protection, activity regulation,and supplying neurons with nutrients

Question 12

CNS and PNS structural support glia

Answer 12

CNS: astrocytes
PNS: satellite cells

Question 13

Astrocytes / satellite cell functions

Answer 13

Structural support for neurons, create the blood-brain barrier,provide nutrients to neurons, help with reuptake of neurotransmitters

Question 14

CNS and PNS insulation glia

Answer 14

CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells

Question 15

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cell function

Answer 15

Wraps axons in myelin

Question 16

Which glia help to produce cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 16

Ependymal

Question 17

Ependymal cell function

Answer 17

Helps produce und circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Question 18

CNS glia that digest cellular debris (phagocytosis)

Answer 18

Microglia

Question 19

Microglia (CNS)

Answer 19

Digests cellular debris via phagocytosis

Question 20

PNS somatic division functions

Answer 20

Voluntary motor control, somatosensory (skin-to-brain) sensation

Question 21

PNS autonomic division functions

Answer 21

Regulates involuntary functions,(heart, lungs,glands, etc)

Question 22

Sympathetic system

Answer 22

‘Fight or flight’,ups blood flow to muscles, ups heart rate, dilates pupils,inhibits digestions

Question 23

Parasympathetic system

Answer 23

‘rest and digest’, facilitates digestion, homeostasis

Question 24

Meninges

Answer 24

Covers the entire CNS, protecting it and anchoring it

Question 25

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 25

Fluid circulating in CNS ventricular system which provides buoyancy, chemical stability, und clearing waste

Question 26

Ventricles

Answer 26

CSF filled spaces in the CNS

Question 27

At which end does the spinal cord widen with white matter and why?

Answer 27

Axons travelling to all parts of the brain must leave the brain via the brain stem, which means the rostral and end of the spinal cord is thicker

Question 28

Dorsal vs. Ventral roots

Answer 28

Dorsal root carries sensory (afferent) information toward CNS, ventral root carries motor information away from CNS to muscles

Question 29

Forebrain subdivisions and components

Answer 29

Telencephalon [basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebral cortex] Diencephalon [thalamus, hypothalamus]

Question 30

Midbrain subdivision and components

Answer 30

Mesencephalon [superior and inferior colliculi, motor nuclei]

Question 31

Hindbrain subdivisions and components

Answer 31

Metencephalon [pons, cerebellum] Myelencephalon [medulla]

Question 32

Medulla function

Answer 32

Controls basic subconscious functions like breathing, bpm, blood pressure, etc.

Question 33

Pons functions

Answer 33

Balance, taste, swallowing

Question 34

Pons functions

Answer 34

Balance, taste, swallowing

Question 35

Midbrain parts & functions

Answer 35

Superior colliculus: vision, eye-movements Inferior colliculus: hearing response Substantia Nigeria: reward based learning center

Question 36

Cerebellum functions

Answer 36

Motor control, posture, coordination

Question 37

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 37

Body temp, hormone release, hunger, thirst, sleep (homeostasis)

Question 38

Thalamus functions

Answer 38

Sensory - motor hub and relay

Question 39

Basal ganglia functions

Answer 39

Voluntary movement and motivation/aversion (reward based)

Question 40

Amygdala functions

Answer 40

Emotion and fear regulation, and long-term episodic memory

Question 41

Hippocampus functions

Answer 41

Spatial navigation, and long-term memory

Question 42

Major Surface Sulci and locations

Answer 42

Longitudinal fissure [down center of brain], central sulci [bilateral, separate frontal lobes from parietal lobe], lateral/Sylvian fissure [separates temporal from other lobes]

Question 43

Major subsurface sulci

Answer 43

Cingulate sulcus [mimics shape of corpus callosum] calcarine sulcus [bottom of occipital lobe]

Question 44

What defines each Brodmann area from each other?

Answer 44

Cytoarchitecture [ thickness of outer layer of cortex cells]

Question 45

Circle of Willis function

Answer 45

Artery layout which allows for blood flow to the brain even in the case of clots below the circle