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Ethics > Unit I and II: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY > Flashcards

Unit I and II: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY Flashcards

1
Q

A branch of Philosophy that deals with he question and standards of what is right and what is wrong

A

Ethics or Moral Philosophy

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2
Q

Ethics came from a Latin word “_____” which means?

A

ethos - character or Moral nature

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3
Q

True or false

When you say character or Moral nature, the character or Moral nature of a person is not affected by his or her personal principles and experiences by the belief and value system of his or her surroundings

A

False - greatly affected

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4
Q

It refers to the rules that affect the choice of a person but are not linked to moral or ethical considerations, similar with ethics people use value judgement in dealing with these aspects

A

Non-moral standards

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5
Q

Give some examples of non-moral standards

A

Aesthetics
Rules in games
Laws
Personal experiences and principles
Etiquette
Recipe or Formula
Religion
Traditions or norms

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6
Q

It refers to the rules or set of guidelines that affect the choices of a person and his or her belief system and decision-making process in problems and situation that beg the question of what morally right or wrong

A

Moral Standards

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7
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Moral Standards

A

-Concern with the welfare of beings
-Reliance on reasoning and not on authority
- Overriding of or Hegemonic
- Impartial, Fair and Just
- Special emotions and vocabulary

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8
Q

In Moral Standards It deals with matters that can seriously injure or benefit the welfare of beings

A

Concern with the welfare of beings

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9
Q

This characteristics rely on reasoning not on authoritive individuals to support or justify their cause

A

Reliance on reasoning not on authority

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10
Q

It takes precedence over other standards and considerations

A

Overriding or Hegemonic

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11
Q

It means that there is no exemption to the moral standards

A

Impartial, Fair and Just

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12
Q

Moral standards that are associated with special emotions and vocabulary

A

Special emotions and vocabulary

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13
Q

Give examples of Special Emotions

A

Guilt
Shame
Remorse

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14
Q

Give examples of vocabulary

A

Right
Good
Wrong
Evil
Moral
Amoral
Immoral

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15
Q

It is a situation that makes an agent to choose between two alternatives with equal weight wherein both alternatives are either good or both are evil, but the agent cannot to both or all actions

A

Moral Dilemma

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16
Q

True or False

In moral dilemma no matter what the agent chooses will be left with a moral failure but not chooing anything impose greater harm or loss for the agent

A

True

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17
Q

What are the basic concepts of moral dilemma

A

Personal advocates
Society
Culture religion
Family and friends
Education and experiences

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18
Q

What are the three levels of moral dilemma

A

Individual dilemma
Organizational dilemma
Structural dilemma

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19
Q

In this dilemma it starts with the personal and individual interaction of people and situations in their daily lives

A

Individual dilemma

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20
Q

This dilemma is encountered by institutions, business, organizations in the decision-making process at this level the dilemmas that organizations experiences usually affect more than one person

A

Organizational dilemma

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21
Q

This dilemma affects a network of institutions the operative theoretical paradigms like universal care, juvenile laws and immigration

A

Structural dilemma

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22
Q

True or False

Organizational dilemmas can affect a community in even the society at large

A

False - structural dilemma

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23
Q

What are the four parts of ethics

A

Descriptive ethics
Normative ethics
Meta ethics
Applied ethics

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24
Q

It is the thing that individuals really accept to be correct or wrong

A

Descriptive ethics

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25
Q

It is the thing that individual should do, a prescriptive morals that and it talks about how individuals can settle on what is a ethically right

A

Normative ethics

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26
Q

What are the three segments of normative morals

A

Virtue ethics
Deontology
Consequentialism

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27
Q

It centers around one’s character and kindness

A

Virtue ethics

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28
Q

It is obligation morals or all out objective and good absolutism

A

Deontology

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29
Q

It centers around outcome of an activity

A

Consequentialism

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30
Q

It doubts the significance of goodness morals and profound quality including how individuals and realize what is valid or bogus

A

Meta ethics

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31
Q

It is the utilization of moral hypothesis in various open and private issues like medication business and so on

A

Applied ethics

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32
Q

They proposed the four principles in terms of normative ethics

A

Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress

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33
Q

What are the four principles in terms of normative ethics

A

Respecto autonomy
Beneficence
Non maleficence
Justice

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34
Q

It means the acknowledgment that every person has the right to make choices to hold views and to act based on one’s values and respect autonomy respect to beliefs as long as the person is conscious and has a proper understanding of the matter on hand

A

Respect to autonomy

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35
Q

It is the promotion of doing as much goodness as possible refers to the act of kindness, compassion and generosity

A

Beneficence

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36
Q

It is the avoidance of any and justifiable and unnecessary harm

A

Non-maleficence

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37
Q

It means the distribution of resources equally and fairly

A

Justice

38
Q

It is the shared and learned patterns of behaviors interactions symbolisms and values of a group of people that manifests in your religion food clothing language marriage social habits music and arts and customs

A

Culture

39
Q

True or False

Culture do not reflect the identity of a particular group of people

A

False - it does

40
Q

True Or false

The differences in cultural patterns create a wildly diverse belief and value systems across the world

A

True

41
Q

It is a disposition that sees a general public’s way of life inside the setting of the general public issues and openings

A

Cultural relativism

42
Q

Advantage or danger

Cultural relativism teaches everyone to be more open minded and respectful of other cultures

A

Advantage

43
Q

Advantage or danger

Cultural relativism calls out discrimination against waste nationality and culture and opens more opportunities for everyone

A

Advantage

44
Q

Advantage or danger.

Arises when we are called to a position to judge practice that is repressive and sometimes even harmful toward a group of people

A

Danger

45
Q

Who said that these points out that it is a mistake to overestimated the amount of differences between cultures not every moral rule can vary from society to society

A

James Rachel

46
Q

True Or false

Adopting the attitude of cultural relativism teaches a person how to be tolerant and respectful of different cultures

A

True

47
Q

What are the strengths of Filipino moral character

A

Pakikipagkapwa-tao
Family orientation
Joy and humor
Flexibility
Adaptability and creativity
Hard work and industry
Faith and religiosity
Ability to survive

48
Q

What are the weaknesses of the filipino moral character

A

Extreme personalism
Extreme family centeredness
Lack discipline
Passivity and lack of initiative
Colonial mentality
Kanya-kanya syndrome

49
Q

These are values that have the same word or level importance across cultures an ethical principles

A

Universal values

50
Q

It is a conduct that every rational person wants to follow

A

Universal values

51
Q

What are the common universal values p

A

Integrity
Peace
Freedom
Human dignity
Social progress
Equal rights
Responsibility
Compassion.
Loyalty
Innovativeness
Intuitiveness

52
Q

Who wrote that virtue is both intellectual and moral for it requires time and experience to be developed and can only come as a result of habit

A

Aristotle

53
Q

Who said that to call for a list of universal values is becoming more urgent because of the future of human survival may depend on it

A

Richard Kinnier
Jerry Kernes
Therese Dautheribes

54
Q

Who said “ringer contended that without some all-inclusive principles you are left with no way to denounce savagery physical torment mutilation spouse beating kids misuse subjection, murder or annihilation, on the off chance that they are a piece of ongoing practice and social customs of a gathering”

A

Kinnier et al (2000)

55
Q

Your individual acts became habits which molds your _________

A

Moral Character

56
Q

True Or false

Your moral character cannot be manifested in your decisions, attitudes and acts

A

False

57
Q

According to him there are six stages of moral development that hopes to understand how moral reasoning changes as a person grows old and matures

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

58
Q

What are the three levels of moral development

A

Level 1: Pre-conventional morality
Level 2: Conventional morality
Level 3: Post-conventional morality

59
Q

What are the six stages of moral development by Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Stage 1 Obedience and punishment orientation
Stage 2 Individualism and exchange
Stage 3 Good interpersonal relationship
Stage 4 Maintaining the social order
Stage 5 Social contract and individual rights
Stage 6 The universal principles

60
Q

At the age of 9 and below, The primary focus of an individual is the soft people don’t have personal code of morality yet. What level of moral development is this?

A

Level 1 preconventional morality

61
Q

This level of moral development people start to internalise the moral standards of the group they belong in the reasoning is usually based on the norms of their groups.

A

Level 2 conventional morality

62
Q

This level of moral development happens under the adolescence to middle age

A

Level 2 conventional morality

63
Q

This level of moral development individual judgment is based on self chosen principles and moral reasoning is based on individual’s rights and justice

A

Level 3 post conventional morality

64
Q

Level 3 post conventional morality happens at what age

A

Under adults

65
Q

True or false

Everyone reaches the level 3 of moral development

A

False - not everyone

66
Q

In this stage right and wrong is determined by punishment and authority

A

Stage 1 obedience and punishment orientation

67
Q

At this stage individual start to learn about individuality and satisfaction of one’s desire moral rightness is equivalent to the idea of giving and take

A

Stage 2 individualism and exchange

68
Q

At this stage the right and wrong is determined by the approval of others and conformity to norms good behaviour is determined by praise, peer pressure is also prominent in the stage

A

Stage 3 good interpersonal relationship

69
Q

At this stage a person becomes more aware of laws and societal norms in wants to be a good citizen

A

Stage 4 maintaining the social order

70
Q

You understand that even if norms and laws existing what they might not be always morally right, you learn how to use logic abstract thinking and moral principles to determine what is right and what is wrong

A

Stage 5 social contract and individual rights

71
Q

At this stage you develop your own ethical guidelines and willingness to defend it even if it means going against the majority of the people

A

Stage 6 the universal principles

72
Q

What are the characters that push people to create a more peaceful and cooperative environment

A

Respect
Care
Compassion

73
Q

What are the characters that push people to create disagreement and conflict among people

A

Greed
Gluttony
Anger
Selfishness

74
Q

What are the three determinants of morality?

A

The act itself
Intention
Circumstances

75
Q

It can be easily identified whether good or bad. It meant what the free will chooses to do in thought, word, and deed or chooses not to do

A

The act itself

76
Q

Is a motive behind the actions. Answers what is the thinking behind the action.

A

Intention

77
Q

It means all the elements that surround a human action and affects its morality without belonging to its essence

A

Circumstances

78
Q

True or false

Human creatures are the most self- conscious animals

A

True

79
Q

According to him there are three principles to consider in understanding the emotions as a response to an experience

A

Charles Darwin

80
Q

What are the three principles discussed by Charles Darwin

A

Principle of functional habits
Principle antagonistic-thesis
Principle of involvement of the enthused nervous system

81
Q

It states that emotional responses are useful expressive habits based on experience

A

Principle of functional habits

82
Q

In this principle emotions are released through facial emotion or expression

A

The principle of functional habits

83
Q

This entails that the purpose of emotional responses is for communications clarity

A

Principle of antagonistic thesis

84
Q

In this principle the emotions are expressed through body movements such as shrugging.

A

Principle of antagonistic thesis

85
Q

It says that the nervous system needs to discharge excess energy

A

Principle of the involvement of the enthused level system

86
Q

This principle states that our body is composed of different chemicals, these chemicals affect our emotions or feelings

A

Principle of involvement of the enthused nervous system

87
Q

True or False

Obsession can make us less cautious with the hazards associated with our decisions

A

False

Unnecessary optimism

88
Q

True or false

Unnecessary optimism cause people to experience extreme fear about a situation given creature, place, or an object that even without reason

A

False

Obsessions or irrational fear

89
Q

What are the two requirements of morality

A

Reason
Impartiality

90
Q

It is the capacity to see the interconnectedness of things and the logic behind the process involved

A

Reason

91
Q

It is the principle of detaching oneself from any form of bias and prejudice in order to come up with the objective criterion that is free from unfair and an equal treatment of one type of person to another

A

Impartiality

Ethics (1 decks)

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