Unit I & II

Question 1

Fertilized egg

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

Study of animal development from the stage of an organism that exist between fertilization and birth.

Answer 2

Embryology

Question 3

What are the three major approaches to studying embryology

Answer 3

Anatomical approaches
Experimental approaches
Genetic approaches

Question 4

A relatively slow process of progressive change

Answer 4

Development

Question 5

A discipline that studies embryonic and other developmental processes

Answer 5

Developmental biology

Question 6

The science that seeks to explain how the structure of organisms change with time

Answer 6

Developmental biology

Question 7

What are the objectives of developmental biology?

Answer 7

• it generates cellular diversity and order within each generation

• it ensures the continuity of life from one generation to the next

Question 8

What are the seven general questions by developmental biologist?

Answer 8

• Question of differentiation
• Question of morphogenesis
• question of growth
• question of reproduction
• question of evolution
• question of environmental integration
• Question of regeneration

Question 9

It is the generation of cellular diversity

Answer 9

Differentiation

Question 10

Mechanism where by different sorts of cells arise

Answer 10

Cell differentiation

Question 11

Each cell owes its special character to

Answer 11

Particular proteins coded by particular genes

Question 12

It is the creation of ordered form

Answer 12

Morphogenesis

Question 13

It is the cell and tissue movements that gives a developing organ or organism its shape in three dimensions

Answer 13

Morphogenesis

Question 14

It refers to increase in size and the control of proportion between body parts

Answer 14

Growth

Question 15

It is currently the least well understood aspect in terms of molecular mechanism

Answer 15

Growth

Question 16

The stages of development between fertilization and hatching

Answer 16

Embryogenesis

Question 17

What are the six fundamental processes in the pattern of embryogenesis

Answer 17

1. Fertilization
2. Cleavage
3. Gastrulation
4. Organogenesis
5. Metamorphosis
6. Gametogenesis

Question 18

It is the fusion of the mature sex cells, the sperm and egg.

Answer 18

Fertilization

Question 19

It is a series of extremely rapid mitotic divisions that immediately follow fertilization

Answer 19

Cleavage

Question 20

It is the hollow ball of cells during cleavage

Answer 20

Zygote cytoplasm

Question 21

During cleavage the enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller cells called

Answer 21

Blastomeres

Question 22

By the end of cleavage the blasting is have usually formed a sphere called

Answer 22

Blastula

Question 23

It is the space between the blastomere

Answer 23

Blastocoel

Question 24

They are the opening in the blastula

Answer 24

Blastopore

Question 25

It is a series of extensive self rearrangements

Answer 25

Gastrulation

Question 26

The embryo contains three germ layers that will interact to generate the organs of the body. What are those layers?

Answer 26

Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm

Question 27

Embryo transforms from a one dimensional layer of epithelial cells and reorganizes into a multilayers and multidimensional structure called

Answer 27

Gastrula

Question 28

The cells interact with one another and rearrange some cells to produce tissues and organs

Answer 28

Organogenesis

Question 29

It is the process of formation of organs from three germ layers

Answer 29

Organogenesis

Question 30

Change of form or structure in an individual after hatching or birth

Answer 30

Metamorphosis

Question 31

It is the development of gametes; usually not completed until the organism has become physically mature

Answer 31

Gametogenesis

Question 32

Cells which give rise to the individual body

Answer 32

Somatic cells

Question 33

Cells which contribute to the formation of a new generation

Answer 33

Germ cells

Question 34

What type of Fertilization happens in most species of frog

Answer 34

External fertilization

Question 35

Amphibian metamorphosis is initiated by hormones from the

Answer 35

Tadpoles thyroid gland

Question 36

The speed of metamorphosis depends on

Answer 36

Environmental pressure

Question 37

What are the major model organism used an example of how all animals develop

Answer 37

Mouse Chick Frog (Xenopus) Zebra fish Fruit fly (Drosophila) Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans)

Question 38

Characteristics of the big six model organisms

Answer 38

• Availability and cost • Access and micromanipulation • They have special properties that allow their mechanisms of development to be easily observed • Can be easily manipulated physically or genetically • Have relatively fast development period • Genomes have been mapped

Question 39

It is the visible specialization of the cytoplasm

Answer 39

Germplasm

Question 40

It is present in the egg that program cells that inherit to become germ cells

Answer 40

Cytoplasmic determinant

Question 41

Is the production of mature sperm cells

Answer 41

Spermatogenesis

Question 42

It undergoes rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty

Answer 42

Spermatogonia

Question 43

Hormone that modifies spermatogonia division

Answer 43

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 44

How many spermatids does one primary spermatocyte produces

Answer 44

Four

Question 45

How many days does spermatogenesis takes place

Answer 45

64 - 72 days

Question 46

It is the process of development of mature ova

Answer 46

Oogenesis

Question 47

What is the difference between the female and male gametes regarding their cell size and structure

Answer 47

Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid Egg is large, non-motile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

Question 48

What are the parts of mature sperm

Answer 48

Head Tail Neck or midpiece

Question 49

A part of mature sperm where haploid nucleus little cytoplasm and acrosome are located

Answer 49

Head

Question 50

A part of the mature sperm where mitochondria and centriole are located

Answer 50

Neck or midpiece

Question 51

It is also called as propulsion system

Answer 51

Tail

Question 52

What are the structures of a flagella

Answer 52

It must allows from to travel long distance using plenty of energy Axoneme Microtubules in a 9 + 2 configuration

Question 53

It is the motor portion of the flagella

Answer 53

Axoneme

Question 54

It is the acquired ability of the sperm to bind the egg

Answer 54

Capacitation

Question 55

It stores all materials for beginning of growth and development

Answer 55

Ovum

Question 56

What are the parts of the egg

Answer 56

Cytoplasm Haploid nucleus Cell membrane Extracellular envelope Cortex Cortical granules Egg jelly Zona pellucida Cumulus

Question 57

It contains glycoproteins essential for species specificity and sperm binding

Answer 57

Vitelline envelope

Question 58

It is located beneath the cell membrane

Answer 58

Cortex

Question 59

It attracts or activates sperm in some species

Answer 59

Egg jelly

Question 60

It is an extra coating made of extracellular matrix in mammals

Answer 60

Zona pellucida

Question 61

It is a layer of cells that nurture the egg innermost layer in mammals

Answer 61

Corona radiata

Question 62

The fusion of two gametes to create a new individual with the genome different from both parents

Answer 62

Fertilization

Question 63

What are the two major goals of fertilization

Answer 63

• Joining of genetic material to create new variations (sex) • creation of a new organism (reproduction)

Question 64

What are the four major events of fertilization

Answer 64

1. Sperm and egg make contact and must recognize each other as the same species 2. One (and only one) sperm enter the egg 3. Fusion of the genetic material 4. Activation of egg to begin development

Question 65

What are the steps of recognition of sperm and egg

Answer 65

1. Chemoattraction 2. Exocytosis 3. Binding 4. Passage 5. Fusion

Question 66

What is the peptide that an diffuse in sea water and attracts sperm to egg and acts as a sperm-activating peptide

Answer 66

14 amino-acid peptide

Question 67

What are the two components of Acrosome reaction?

Answer 67

1. The fusion of acrosomal vesicle with the sperm cell membrane 2. The extension of the acrosomal process

Question 68

In S. purpuratus the acrosomal process contains a protein called

Answer 68

Bindin

Question 69

It can cause the sperm and egg to fuse in Sea Urchins

Answer 69

Bindin

Question 70

It restores the diploid chromosome number and sperm centriole became the mitotic spindle

Answer 70

Monospermy

Question 71

It results in triploid nucleus and multiple mitotic spindles are formed

Answer 71

Polyspermy

Question 72

What are the processes that could prevent polyspermy?

Answer 72

Fast block to polyspermy Slow Block to polyspermy

Question 73

How does the fast block to polyspermy is activated

Question 74

What is the resting membrane potential that is the difference in charge across the egg membrane

Answer 74

-70mV

Question 75

It is a slower, mechanical and permanent block to polyspermy

Answer 75

Slow Block to Polyspermy

Question 76

How does the slow block to polyspermy is activated

Question 77

It acts as initiator of the cortical granule reaction

Answer 77

Calcium

Question 78

It is the calcium ionophore that transports calcium ions across lipid membranes

Answer 78

A23187