Unit II "Cells"

Question 1

hydrocarbons

Answer 1

contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 2

what are the three categories of large biological molecules?

Answer 2

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 3

polymers

Answer 3

large molecules made up of monomers

Question 4

what is the process that cells use to link monomers into polymers?

Answer 4

dehydration synthesis

Question 5

dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water

Question 6

what is the process that breaks down polymers?

Answer 6

hydrolysis

Question 7

hydrolysis

Answer 7

breaks bonds between monomers by adding water to them

Question 8

carbohydrates

Answer 8

class of molecules that include sugars and polymers

Question 9

monosaccharides

Answer 9

monomers of carbohydrates

Question 10

disaccharide

Answer 10

two monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

Question 11

polysaccharides

Answer 11

long chains of sugars

Question 12

hydrophobic vs hydrophilic

Answer 12

water fearing vs water loving

Question 13

do lipids fear water or do they mix well with water?

Answer 13

lipids are hydrophobic

Question 14

protein

Answer 14

polymer of amino acid monomers

Question 15

amino acid

Answer 15

central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners

Question 16

peptide bond

Answer 16

bond between adjacent amino acids

Question 17

polypeptide

Answer 17

long chain of amino acids

Question 18

cell theory

Answer 18

all living things the composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

Question 19

what is the function of a plasma membrane?

Answer 19

regulates the traffic o molecules between the cell and its surroundings

Question 20

what is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 20

build proteins according to instructions from the genes

Question 21

what is the function of the nucleus? (what is it surrounded by?)

Answer 21

houses most of a eukaryotic cells’s DNA; surrounded by a double membrane

Question 22

prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, but they do have a “nucleus-like” region called?

Answer 22

nucleoid (not partitioned from rest of cell)

Question 23

what organelles do animal cells and plant cells NOT have in common? what functions do those organelles have?

Answer 23

plant cells: chloroplasts (perform photosynthesis)

animal cells: lysosomes (digestive enzymes)

Question 24

phospholipids

Answer 24

two fatty acid tails along with a phosphate group

Question 25

which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic and which are hydrophilic?

Answer 25

phosphate groups is hydrophilic; fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

Question 26

chromatic

Answer 26

fibers made of long DNA molecules and associated proteins

Question 27

what is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 27

site where components of ribosomes are made

Question 28

what are the functions of the rough ER?

Answer 28

multiple: 1) make more membrane 2) ribosomes attached to ER produce proteins which enter into the growing ER membrane, and then are transported to other organelles

Question 29

transport vesicles

Answer 29

sacs made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER

Question 30

what is the function of the smooth ER?

Answer 30

synthesis of lipids (including steroids)

Question 31

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 31

receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell

Question 32

what is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 32

harvests energy from sugars and other food molecules and uses it to produce another form of chemical energy called ATP

Question 33

activation energy

Answer 33

activates the reactants and triggers chemical reactions

Question 34

substrate

Answer 34

material upon which an enzyme acts

Question 35

active site

Answer 35

region of the enzyme that has the shape and chemistry to fit the substrate molecule

Question 36

diffusion

Answer 36

movement of molecules spreading out evenly onto the available space

Question 37

semi-permeable

Answer 37

(cell membrane) only certain substances are allowed to pass

Question 38

osmosis

Answer 38

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 39

plasmolysis

Answer 39

cells lose water in a hypertonic solution

Question 40

hypertonic

Answer 40

solution with a higher concentration of solute

Question 41

hypotonic

Answer 41

solution with a lower solute concentration

Question 42

exocytosis

Answer 42

proteins exit the cell in transport vesicles that fuse with the membrane, spilling the contents outside the cell

Question 43

endocytosis

Answer 43

cell takes material in via vesicles that bud inward

Question 44

phagocytosis

Answer 44

cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole

Question 45

pinocytosis

Answer 45

cellular drinking

Question 46

cell cycle

Answer 46

ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is formed to the time it divides into two cells

Question 47

interphase

Answer 47

time when cell performs its normal functions within the organism

Question 48

mitosis

Answer 48

nucleus divides and contents are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei

Question 49

cytokinesis

Answer 49

cytoplasm is divided into two

Question 50

interphase

Answer 50

chromosomes duplicate, copies remain attached to each other

Question 51

prophase

Answer 51

chromosomes condense in nucleus and become visible. spindle forms in cytoplasm

Question 52

prometaphase

Answer 52

nuclear membrane breaks, spindle starts to interact with chromosomes

Question 53

metaphase

Answer 53

copied chromosomes align in the equator of the spindle

Question 54

anaphase

Answer 54

chromosomes separate into two genetically identical groups and move to opposite sides of the spindle

Question 55

telophase

Answer 55

nucleus membranes form around each set of chromosomes, spindle continues to break down

Question 56

cell plate

Answer 56

appears in cytokinesis of a plant cell