Unit II - Rocks and Minerals Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
absolute age
A
the age in years, of something
2
Q
chemical weathering
A
the breaking down of rock as its chemical composition changes
3
Q
what is the difference between weathering and erosion?
A
weathering is the breaking down of rock, while erosion moves the rock from one place to another
4
Q
cleavage
A
mineral breaking with smooth flat surfaces
5
Q
density
A
the mass per unit volume of a mineral
6
Q
erosion
A
the wearing away and removal of rock or sediment
7
Q
extrusive
A
igneous rock formed from lava
8
Q
foliated
A
metamorphic rock with visible layers of mineral grains
9
Q
non-foliated
A
metamorphic rock with no visible layers of mineral grains
10
Q
fracture
A
mineral breaking with no smooth flat surfaces
11
Q
fossil
A
remains, imprint, or trace of prehistoric organisms
12
Q
geology
A
the study of the earth
13
Q
half-life
A
the time it takes for half of a substance to decay
14
Q
hardness
A
a mineral’s resistance to scratching
15
Q
igneous rock
A
formed when melted rock cools and hardens
16
Q
intrusive
A
igneous rock formed from magma
17
Q
metamorphic rock
A
formed when existing rock is heated/ squeezed deep within Earth
18
Q
mineral
A
inorganic solid made of specific elements found in nature
19
Q
mineralogy
A
the study of minerals
20
Q
radiometric dating
A
the process of calculating the absolute age of a rock
21
Q
rock
A
a combination of two or more minerals
22
Q
rock cycle
A
a model that shows how rock can change from one type to another
23
Q
sediment
A
pieces of broken rock, shells, and mineral grains
24
Q
sedimentary rock
A
formed when sediment collects in layers and hardens over time
25
soil
a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that supports life
26
specific gravity
tthe ratio of a material's density to water's density
27
streak
the color of a mineral's powder
28
mechanical weathering
the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing them chemically
29
how are rocks related to each other? and how do they change form one to another?
rocks relate to each other because of the rock cycle, which conspicuously shows that a sediment rock can turn into a metamorphic rock, etc. they change from one form to another viat heat and compaction, weathering and erosion, melting, and more.
30
what FIVE factors affect soil formation?
parent rock, slope of land, climate, time, and organisms
31
How does erosion change the surface of the earth over time?
erosion changes the surface of the earth over time by wearing away land and moving it from one place to another, thus creating various landforms, such as mountains, canyons, etc.
32
Which river eroded the Grand Canyon?
colorado river
33
what can prevent erosion?
planting trees
34
what two landforms are most affected by weathering?
glacier and mountains
35
why is glacial erosion not obvious?
because it is a slow process
36
igneous intrusion
magma that's forced its way through sedimentary rock and became igneous rock
37
fault
a crack or break in rock
38
unconformities
gaps in rock sequences hat develop when agents of erosion wash or scrape them away
39
What type of unconfromities are there?
angular unconformity, disconformity, and nonconformity
40
THREE aspects of ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
tilted and uplifted, layers erode, and new layers form
41
THREE aspects of DISCONFORMITY
bumps, and no new deposit occuring, and records still have gap
42
THREE aspects of Nonconformity
metamorphic/igneous rocks uplifted and eroded, sedimentary rocks deposited above eroded surface, surface between the two rock types is called nonconformity
43
where are the oldest rock layers located?
the bottom
44
what does uranium-238 convert to
lead-206
45
what does carbon-14 convert to
nitrogen-14
46
how long does it take for parent, uranium-238 to convert to daughter?
4.5 billion years
47
what is the half=life of carbon-14
5700 years
48
why is uranium-238 more efficient to use than carbon-14?
uranium-238 has a larger number of years, and rocks tend to have larger years, so doing 5700 years can be evitable by using uranium-238, 4.5 billion years
49
name 2 types of fossils
trace fossils and body fossils
50
what are the limitations to using uranium-238?
uranium-238 cannot always be used because not all rocks consist of uranium.
51
what are the four agents of erosion?
gravity, ice, wind, and water
52
what are the three causes of chemical weathering?
carbonic acid, tannic acid, and oxygen
53
what are the three types of chemical weathering?
dissolution, oxidation, and hydrolisis
54
where does hydrolisis usually occur?
moist regions
55
what is the scientific word for rust?
iron oxide
56
does chemical weathering occur more slowly in polar or desert regions?
either, because both regions are dry.
57
where in earth would chemical weathering occur faster? why?
moist regionsuch as ther rainforest, because the rainforest has tannic acid, found from plants roots.
58
treu or false: weathering is the term that is used to descibe all the processes that break down rocks
true
59
what are the six types of weathering? 'CAFE-TT'
crystal growth, abrasion, frost wedging, exfoliation, thermal expansion, and abrasion
60
where does thermal expansion usually occur?
desert regions
61
how can tree roots cause mechanical weathering?
as trees age, their roots get larger, causing breakage in sidewalks, and more.
62
how does frost weding cause mechanical weathering?
water seeps into cracks and freezes over time, causing breakage.
63
how does thermal expansion cause mechanical weathering?
repeated heating and cooling
64
how does exfoliation cause mechanical wethering?
it peels layers
65
how does abrasian cause mechanical weathering?
rocks are broken down by direct actions of other rocks
66
how can igneous rock turn into sediment?
weathering and erosion
67
how can sediments turn into sedimentary rock?
compaction and cementation
68
how do all types of rock turn into magma?
melting
69
How do rocks turn into metamorphic rock?
heat and pressure
70
how do rocks turn into sediments?
weathering and erosion
71
how does magma turn into igneous rock?
cooling
72
How can granite turn into a metamorphic rock?
if it isn't collected by humans, granite can become gneiss. the only differentce is the number of minerals
73
what metamorphic rock can granite transform to?
gneiss
74
what metamorphic rock can quartz turn into?
marble
75
what is deposition
act of layers being formed
76
what is compaction
pressure added to bottom layer
77
what is cementation
when water mixes with mineral grains and adheses them together
78
what determines roughness of rock?
size of sediments
79
conglomeration
pile of different things
80
name four types of sedimentary rock
shale, sandstone, limestone, and conglomerate
81
process of sedimentary rocks
weathering and erosion, sediments combine, deposition, compaction, cementation
82
what is the importance of limestone
used to create cement which is why it is beneficial
83
where CAN'T igneous rocks form?
core of magma chamber.
84
where CAN igneous rocks form?
intrusion or volcano
85
does specific gravity have a unit
not, because both get cancelled out anyway
86
What mineral was thought to be gold
pyrite
87
what is flourite used for
toothpaste, drinking water
88
what is zicronium used for
deodorant, and jewelry
89
what is nickel used for
coins, stainless steel, alnico, magnets, and sheetrock
90
what is potassium used for
fertilizer and toothpaste
91
what is beryllium used for
flourescent lights
92
formula for density
d = m/v
93
formula for specific gravity
sg = density of mineral/density of water
94
what aspect do intrusive rocks usually have
crystals
95
how does crystal growth cause weathering
salt crystals can form between pores and break apart rocks
96
how does dissolution cause chemical weathering
it tears mineral grains apart, kind of like how you mix tea with sugar.
97
where does oxidation usually occur
iron
98
how does hydrolisis cause chemical weathering
direct contact with water.
