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Embryology > Unit II Trunk > Flashcards

Unit II Trunk Flashcards

1
Q

Where do permanent nephrons come from

A

metanephric blastema

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2
Q

What is the first stage of lung development

A

pseudoglandular stage

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3
Q

what is the second stage of lung development?

A

canalicular stage

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4
Q

what is the third stage of lung development?

A

terminal sac stage

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5
Q

what is the 4th stage of lung development

A

alveolar stage

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6
Q

what happens in the psudeoglandular stage?

A

developing lung tissue resembles glands

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7
Q

what happens in the canalicular stage?

A

terminal sacs start to form but not enough or mature enough for gas exchange

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8
Q

what happens during the terminal sac stage?

A

increased number of terminal sacs and aleveoli form that can perform gas exchange

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9
Q

what happens during the alveolar stage?

A

drastic increase in alveoli

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10
Q

what are the 4 stages of lung development

A
  1. psuedoglandular stage
  2. canalicular stage
  3. terminal sac stage
  4. alveolar stage
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11
Q

Why is week 26 important in lung development?

A

marks dramatic mortality rate in premature babies. if born after 26 weeks have higher chance of surviving due to large amount of structures involved in gas exchange

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12
Q

what gives rise to the paranchyma of the lungs?

A

endoderm

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13
Q

what gives rise to the cartilage and smooth muscle, pleura, and serous membrane?

A

splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

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14
Q

why is the resistance of blood flow high in the pulmonary artery before birth and low after birth?

A

because baby takes first breath after birth and therefore decreases resistance because lungs inflate

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15
Q

what gives rise to the distal 2/3 of the vagina?

A

endodermal lining

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16
Q

what gives rise to the proximal 1/3 of the vagina?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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17
Q

what gives rise to the uretary buds

A

Mesonephric duct

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18
Q

what separates the developing lung buds from the developing esophagus?

A

tracheoesophogeal septum

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19
Q

what separates the pericardium form the pleura during embryonic development?

A

pleuralpericardial membrane or folds

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20
Q

what separates or completely blocks off the pleura from the peritoneal cavity?

A

septum transversum

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21
Q

how do pericardialperitoneal folds grow and which side closes first?

A

dorsal to ventral, right side closes first because of growing liver

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22
Q

what surrounds the diaphragm?

A

body wall somites

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23
Q

what structures arise from the foregut?

A

stomach, liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, ventral pancreatic bud, and proximal 1/3 of the duodenum

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24
Q

what gives rise to the uncinated process?

A

ventral pancreatic bud

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25
Q

what comes from the midgut?

A

jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon, distal duodenum, appendix

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26
Q

where would you find the vitalian duct along the midgut?

A

distal portion of illeum 1-2 inches from the cecum

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27
Q

what gives rise to the median umbilical fold?

A

allantois

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28
Q

where are pronephric kidneys found?

A

cervical region

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29
Q

when do pronephric kidneys form?

A

week 4

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30
Q

when do the mesonephric kidneys form?

A

week 4-10

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31
Q

what kidneys are primitive nephrons located in?

A

mesonephric kidneys

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32
Q

when do uretary buds form?

A

end of week 5

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33
Q

what happens in week 9-10 in the kidneys?

A

mesonephric kidneys disappear, metanephric kidneys start to form

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34
Q

What structures does the nephrogenic ridge sequentially form?

A

pronephros kidneys
mesonephros
metanephros

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35
Q

what is the functionality of pronephros kidneys?

A

primitive and never functional

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36
Q

what is the functionality of the mesonephros kidneys

A

temporary and functional

37
Q

what is the functionality metanephros kidneys?

A

permanent and functional

38
Q

what is the pronephric duct?

A

cord of intermediate mesoderm that grows towards mesonephros and induces mesonephric duct formation

39
Q

where are mesonephric kidneys located?

A

T1-L3

40
Q

what do mesonephric ducts do?

A

drain formed urine into developing urinary bladder

41
Q

what are the 2 components of the mentanephros kidneys?

A

ureteric bud

metanephric blastema

42
Q

what does the ureteric bud give rise to?

A

ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, collecting tubules, and ducts

43
Q

what does metanephric blastema give rise to?

A

nephrons

44
Q

where do metanephric kidneys grow and where do they migrate to?

A

grow in pelvic region, ascend to thoracolumbar level

45
Q

what gives rise to the urogenital ridge?

A

intermediate mesoderm

46
Q

when is baby ambisexual?

A

5-6 weeks

47
Q

what does the genital ridge give rise to?

A

cord cells

mesenchyme

48
Q

where do primordial germ cells come from?

A

endoderm

49
Q

what does SRY stimulate?

A

TDF

50
Q

what does TDF give rise to?

A 
leydig cells (mesenchyme)
sertoli cells (cord cells)
51
Q

what do mesonephric ducts become in the genital system after they are repurposed?

A

epididymis and vas deferens

52
Q

what does the cloaca divide into?

A

ventral (urogential) space

dorsal (rectal space)

53
Q

what do cord cells become in males?

A

sertoli cell

54
Q

what do cord cells become in females?

A

fallicular cells

55
Q

where does the glans of the penis come from?

A

genital tubercle

56
Q

where does the shaft of the penis come from?

A

urogenital folds

57
Q

where does the scrotum come from?

A

labioscrotal folds

58
Q

where does the glans of the clitoris come from?

A

genital tubercle

59
Q

where does the labia minora come from?

A

urogenital folds

60
Q

where does the labia majora come from?

A

labioscrotal folds

61
Q

where does the vestibule come from?

A

urethral plate

62
Q

what is esophageal atresia?

A

abnormal division of the esophagus causing inability to swallow

63
Q

what is tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

incomplete separation of esophagus from trachea. increases danger of aspirating stomach acid into the lungs

64
Q

what do pericardioperitoneal canals do?

A

allow communication between abdominal and thoracic cavities

65
Q

what does the central tendon of the diaphragm come from?

A

septum transversum

66
Q

what does the fusion of the right and left endocardial tubes form?

A

the primitive heart tube

67
Q

what stage do pneumocytes in the lungs first appear?

A

terminal sac

68
Q

what returns first into the body from a physiological herniation?

A

Jejunum

69
Q

what layer drapes over the transverse colon during development?

A

dorsal mesogastrium

70
Q

what arterial branches supply blood to the ventral pancreatic bud?

A

celiac trunk branches

71
Q

at the 5th week of embryonic development, what kidney structure is functional?

A

mesonephros

72
Q

what gives rise to the seminal vesicles?

A

mesonephric duct

73
Q

what is bilateral renal agenisis?

A

during 5th week of development, mesonephric ducts fail to form on both sides of the embryo and kidneys fail to form

74
Q

what do labia minora come from?

A

urogenital folds

75
Q

if a geneitcally male embryo develops a uterus in the third trimester, why did this occur?

A

embryo has a mutation that renders paramesonephric ducts to become insensitive to AMH/MIF

76
Q

what does TDF give rise to in males?

A

Laydig cells and sertolli cells

77
Q

what does testosterone stimulate the formation of in males?

A

external genitalia and male genital ducts

78
Q

what do sertolli cells give activate?

A

MIF (mullerian inhibiting factor)

79
Q

what does MIF do in males?

A

causes degeneration of the mullerian ducts

80
Q

what do cord cells become in females?

A

follicular cells

81
Q

what do mesenchyme cells become in females?

A

stromal cells

82
Q

why are there mullerian ducts in females?

A

because there is no Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

83
Q

what do caudal mullerian ducts form when they fuse?

A

uterus

84
Q

what do cranial ducts of the mullerian do and form?

A

they don’t fuse and they form the fallopian tubes

85
Q

when the caudal uterus stimulates the urogenital vesicle endoderm, what forms?

A

the vagina

86
Q

what does the cloaca transform into?

A

ventral (urogential space) and the dorsal (rectal) space

87
Q

what are the bipotential genital ducts?

A

mesonephric duct and paramesonephric duct

88
Q

what are gonads made of?

A

cord cells and germ cells which recipricolllaryddddddd induce each other

89
Q

what does the trigone come from?

A

caudal mesonephric ducts

Embryology (1 decks)

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