Unit one

Question 1

What is Linear dilution?

Answer 1

dilutions by equal intervals

Question 2

What is Log dilution?

Answer 2

dilutions differ by a constant proportion

Question 3

What does a standard curve do?

Answer 3

determines the unknown

Question 4

Why is a buffer used?

Answer 4

To control the pH

Question 5

What is a colorimeter used for?

Answer 5

To quantify concentrations and the turbidity

Question 6

What does Centrifudge do?

Answer 6

separates substances based in density

Question 7

what is chromatography used for?

Answer 7

Separating substances

Question 8

What is affinity chromatography?

Answer 8

method used to separate proteins

Question 9

How does affinity chromatography work?

Answer 9

Gel colum is created with specific receptors bound to it. As the proteins pass through the column the target proteins become attached

Question 10

what is gel electrophoresis

Answer 10

process used to separate proteins and nuclei gels

Question 11

what is the proteome?

Answer 11

entire set of proteins expressed by a genome

Question 12

why is the proteome larger?

Answer 12

more than one protein can be produced from a single gene

Question 13

what is included in the mature mRNA transcript?

Answer 13

different combinations of exons

Question 14

what happens to transcribed DNA

Answer 14

once transcribed the DNA goes through alternative splicing to create a mature transcript. This is then formed into a poly peptide. post translational modifications then take place to form proteins.

Question 15

what happens when the protein make bonds when changing shape

Answer 15

proteolytic cleavage

Question 16

why is it called rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 16

there are ribosomes on the outside of it

Question 17

what is the golgi apparatus

Answer 17

series of discs

Question 18

what is the functions of the golgi apparatus

Answer 18

protein secretion ( pack it up and send it out to the cell )

Question 19

what do lysosomes do

Answer 19

carry hydrolyses

Question 20

what are hydrolyases

Answer 20

enzymes which are involved in the digestion of lipids and proteins

Question 21

what do vesicles do

Answer 21

transport proteins ( take packaged proteins to the golgi apparatus )

Question 22

why do eukaryotic cells require a system of internal membranes?

Answer 22

it allows for compartments to be formed in cell organelles and provides a surface area for vital functions performed by internal membranes

Question 23

what happens in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 23

lipids are synthesised

Question 24

where does the synthesis of proteins occur

Answer 24

cytosolic ribosomes

Question 25

what are transmembrane proteins

Answer 25

proteins that carry a signal sequence which halts translation and forms the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

why do eukaryotic cells require a system of internal membranes?

Answer 26

it allows increased compartmentalisation in the cell and increases the surface area

Question 27

what is the endoplasmic reticulum involved in?

Answer 27

involved if the synthesis of the parts of the plasma membrane

Question 28

where are lipids formed

Answer 28

on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

where are proteins made

Answer 29

cytosolic ribosome

Question 30

State the processes that occur as the protein moves through the golgi apparatus?

Answer 30

post translational modifications

Question 31

Name some secretory proteins and describe the movement of these proteins from translation to secretion?

Answer 31

digestive enzyme and they live from translation to secretion y being translated on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then secreted through the golgi apparatus then through the plasma membrane of the cell

Question 32

primary structure

Answer 32

It’s the structure in which amino acids are synthesised. amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 33

secondary

Answer 33

hydrogen bonds along the backbone of the protein strand

Question 34

what do kinases do

Answer 34

add phosphate to proteins

Question 35

what removes phosphate from proteins?

Answer 35

phosphotases

Question 36

what is the concentration gradient?

Answer 36

difference in concentration of a solute across a membrane

Question 37

what is the electrical potential difference

Answer 37

it is what is created when there is a difference in electrical charge on the two sides of the membrane

Question 38

what does the electrochemical gradient do

Answer 38

it determines the transport of the solute

Question 39

what is the sodium potassium pump do?

Answer 39

generates the ion concentration gradient for glucose symport