Unit One

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

the change in frequency of an allele from one generation to the next

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

stretch of DNA that codes for a protein which is wrapped up on a chromosome

Question 3

Locus

Answer 3

spot on a chromosome that codes for a gene

Question 4

Allele

Answer 4

different versions or forms of a gene

Question 5

Genotype

Answer 5

whole genetic makeup of an organism

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

expressed, sometimes physical traits of an organism

Question 7

Species

Answer 7

a group of individuals that can share alleles & exchange genetic material

Question 8

Gene pool

Answer 8

Some combination of alleles

Question 9

Population genetics

Answer 9

study of patterns of genetic variation

Question 10

Population

Answer 10

a group of the same species in the same area

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

double helix molecule made up of nucleotides

Question 12

Nucleotides

Answer 12

building blocks of DNA

Question 13

Chromosome

Answer 13

a structure within the nucleus of a cell that contains an organisms genetic information

Question 14

Diploid

Answer 14

a set of chromosomes (2n)

Question 15

Haploid

Answer 15

lone chromosome (n)

Question 16

Gametes

Answer 16

a haploid cell that needs to fuse with another haploid cell to make a new organism (sex cells)

Question 17

Fertilization

Answer 17

two haploid cells create a diploid cell (i.e. sperm and egg create zygote)

Question 18

Mitosis

Answer 18

2n reproduces to make another 2n (i.e. skin cells reproducing)

Question 19

Meiosis

Answer 19

2n reproduces to make n (i.e. occurs in germ cells)

Question 20

Mutation

Answer 20

a change in one of the nucleotides in the DNA

Question 21

Germ-line mutation

Answer 21

mutation in meiosis

Question 22

Somatic mutation

Answer 22

Mutation in a non germ-line cell

Question 23

Recombination

Answer 23

occurs through crossing over

Question 24

Deleterious

Answer 24

mutation that is harmful to the organisms survival

Question 25

Adaptation

Answer 25

a genetic change that allows an organism to better survive and reproduce in its environment

Question 26

Allele frequency

Answer 26

a measure of how rarely an allele occurs

Question 27

Genetic drift

Answer 27

similar to sample error or error in representation

Question 28

Darwin's Postulates

Answer 28

1. All organisms show variation 2. All species produce more offspring than can survive 3. Individuals with favorable traits tend to survive and reproduce, passing favorable traits to offspring 4. Result is a favorable change in traits in the population 5. Over time, this leads to populations becoming adapted to their environment

Question 29

What makes a favorable trait?

Answer 29

The ability to survive and reproduce

Question 30

Adaptation

Answer 30

has to be a genetic change that helps an organism survive and reproduce

Question 31

Fitness

Answer 31

how well an individual's genotype is represented in the next generation

Question 32

Complex

Answer 32

not an either/or trait

Question 33

Modern Synthesis

Answer 33

modern understanding of genetics and evolution put together

Question 34

Stabilizing selection

Answer 34

selects against the extremes

Question 35

Directional selection

Answer 35

selects against one of the two extremes

Question 36

Disruptive selection

Answer 36

selects against the mean

Question 37

Sexual selection

Answer 37

promotes an individual's access to mating

Question 38

Gene flow

Answer 38

moving around is causing a change in allele frequencies

Question 39

Biological Species Concept

Answer 39

Defines species as a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from one another

Question 40

Ecological Species Concept

Answer 40

Organisms that can biologically reproduce but occupy different niches so they likely would choose not to interbreed

Question 41

Competitive Exclusion Principle/Gause's Law

Answer 41

Two species cannot fill the same ecological niche at the same time

Question 42

Evolutionary Species Concept

Answer 42

End of a branch on a cladogram is a species

Question 43

Pre Zygotic Isolation

Answer 43

Gene flow is stopped. This occurs before a zygote is formed

Question 44

Pre-Zygotic Isolation can include...

Answer 44

Behavioral, biochemical, anatomical, temporal, spatial

Question 45

Post-Zygotic Isolation

Answer 45

a form of genetic incompatibility, often caused by a differing number of chromosomes

Question 46

Vicariance

Answer 46

a geographical separation of a population

Question 47

Dispersal

Answer 47

A population migrates to another location and evolves separately from the original population

Question 48

Peripatric

Answer 48

A population moves to a smaller location and evolves separately from the original population

Question 49

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 49

a population rapidly evolves and diversifies (Darwin's finches)

Question 50

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 50

a process where a single species splits into two or more genetically distinct lineages due to geographic isolation

Question 51

Co-speciation

Answer 51

two organisms speciate at the same time

Question 52

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 52

a process in evolutionary biology that occurs when a new species evolves from an ancestral species while both continue to live in the same area

Question 53

Types of Sympatric Speciation

Answer 53

Stabilizing, Directional, Disruptive

Question 54

Instantaneous Speciation

Answer 54

hybridization between sunflowers

Question 55

Roots of eukaryote

Answer 55

eu=good/true, kary=kernel(referring to nucleus), pro=first