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unit one biological influences 2016 > unit one biological influences 2016 > Flashcards

unit one biological influences 2016 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the external recording techniques?

A

electroencephalogram - EEG

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2
Q

what are the still picture scanning techniques?

A

computer axial tomography - CAT scan

magnetic resonance imaging - MRI

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3
Q

what are the dynamic picture scanning techniques?

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging - fMRI

position emission tomography - PET

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4
Q

what does an electroencephalogram (EEG) do?

A

measures electrical activity of the brain using brain waves

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5
Q

what does a computer axial tomography (CAT scan) do?

A

generates a 2D image of a slice or section through a 3D object

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6
Q

what does a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) do?

A

detects brain areas which are involved in a task, a process or an emotion through changes in blood flow and oxygen levels

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7
Q

what does a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan do?

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images that distinguish between different types of soft tissue

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8
Q

what does positron emission tomography (PET) scans do?

A

monitors the utilisation of glucose in different parts of the brain and allowed researchers to view parts of the brain as they work

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9
Q

what happened to phineas gage?

A

railroad worker that suffered a traumatic brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behaviour

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10
Q

how did phineas gage’s personality change?

A

was polite, pleasant, capable and even tempered but became impatient, difficult moody and less capable

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11
Q

what area of phineas gage’s brain was damaged?

A

his left frontal lobe

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12
Q

how does exercise effect thoughts, feelings and behaviour?

A

releases mood boosting endorphins that kill pain, boost self esteem and cause us to sleep better

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13
Q

what are the physiological effects of dopamine?

A

regulates blood flow and motor activity, helps in the secretion of hormones and the function of the autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

what are the physiological effects of seratonin?

A

effects digestion, muscle constriction, the regulation of cyclic body processes and how impulses are transmitted

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15
Q

what are the physiological effects of noradrenaline?

A

increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, widening pupils and air passages, narrows blood vessels and constricts muscles

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16
Q

what are the psychological effects of dopamine?

A

contributes to learning and high cognitive functioning, reinforces behaviour, effects optic action, memory, behaviour, attention, sleep, mood and pleasure

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17
Q

what are the psychological effects of seratonin?

A

effects mood, social behaviour, memory, sexual desire and sleep

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18
Q

what are the psychological effects of noradrenaline?

A

effects flight or fight response

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19
Q

what do hallucinogens do to the body and brain?

A

interfere with the brain and the CNS in a way that results in radical distortions of a users perception of reality

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20
Q

what do stimulants do to the body and brain?

A

speeds up mental processes and excites the nervous system

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21
Q

what do depressants do to the body and brain?

A

slows down mental processes and the nervous system

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22
Q

what are the physiological and psychological effects of cannabis?

A
  • anxiety
  • increased heart rate
  • trouble concentrating
  • decreased ability to perform tasks that require coordination
  • decreased interest in completing tasks
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23
Q

what are the physiological and psychological effects of alcohol?

A
  • memory loss
  • emotional, depressed thoughts
  • overthinking
  • ego boost
  • lethargy
  • bad balance
  • vomiting
  • aggression and risky behaviour
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24
Q

what are the physiological and psychological effects of amphetamine?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • euphoria
  • confidence
  • anxiety and paranoia
  • difficulty to sleep
  • increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • aggression
  • irregular heart beat and breathing rate
25
Name the structures that make up the Hindbrain.
The pons/brain stem The medulla The cerebellum
26
List the functions of the Hindbrain
- Coordinates respiratory rhythm - Motor activity - Sleep and wakefulness - Facial movements - oTransmission of sound from your ears to the brain - Reflex actions (coughing, sneezing, swallowing) - Controls respiratory muscles - Fine motor control - Bladder function
27
What is the function/s of the Pons?
- Controls facial sensation - The ability to bite, chew and swallow - Facial expression and movements - Breathing functions such as breath intensity and frequency Role in sleep patterns
28
What does the Medulla control?
Cardiac rates, patterns and rhythms - Breathing rhythms - Vasometrics (dilation and contraction of blood vessels) Reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing.
29
Outline what the Cerebellum is responsible for.
Responsible for muscle tone, coordination and fine motor control (free movement) - Hand eye coordination skills Long-term and short-term memory
30
State where the Hindbrain is found.
At the rear of the skull, lowest part of the brain
31
State the functions of the Midbrain.
``` Connecting the forebrain and hindbrain (communication superhighway) - Associated with vision and hearing - Motor control - Sleep and wakefulness - Arousal and alertness - Temperature regulation - Integrates sensory info from your eyes and ears - 'Flight or flight' response Heart rate ```
32
What structures can be found in the Midbrain?
The Cerebral Peduncle - The Corpora Quadrigemina Cerebral Aqueduct
33
Where is the Midbrain located?
Below the cerebral cortex, and above the Hindbrain, placing it near the center of the brain.
34
What is the function/s of the Forebrain?
Processing complex information - Processing/ expressing/ being aware of emotions - Helps discriminate objects from one another - Memory storage - Regulates sleep and wakefulness - Pleasurable activities (eating, drinking and sex) Secretes hormones response to different emotions, stress and rewarding feelings.
35
List the functions of the Cerebral Cortex
``` Determining Intelligence - Determining Personality - Motor Function - Planning and Organization Touch Sensation ```
36
What are the functions of the Corpus Callosum?
Communication Between Brain Hemispheres - Eye Movement Maintaining the Balance of Arousal and Attention
37
List the functions of the Thalamus.
Motor Control - Receives Auditory, Somatosensory, and Visual Sensory Signals - Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex - Memory Formation and Emotional Expression - Pain Perception Controls Sleep and Awake States
38
Discuss the role the Hypothalamus has on the brain.
Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland Releases hormones that are transported along the axons
39
What is the Limbic system made up of?
The Amygdala and the Hippocampus
40
List the functions of the Limbic System.
Processing/ expressing/ being aware of emotions (Amygdala) | - Memory storage (Hippocampus)
41
What is the Cerebrum?
Divided into 4 regions called lobes: the occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal lobes
42
List the functions of the Cerebral lobes.
Controls senses, thoughts, and movements. - Obtains information from your surroundings and/or body and then sends that information to a specific part of the cerebrum. Interprets the knowledge and decides what must happen next.
43
What is the function of the Association Areas?
Where decisions are made and 'thought' happens. - They take in information from the sensory cortex, process it in a stimulus specific manner, and may signal for a response from motor cortex. responsible for thought, memory, and learning
44
List what the left hemisphere is responsible for.
``` Logic - Writing - Language - Scientific skills - Maths - Lists Responsible for right side of the body ```
45
What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?
``` Emotional expression - Spatial awareness - Musicality - Creativity - Imagination - Dimension - Gestalt (whole picture) Controls the left side of the body ```
46
What is the structure of the Corpus Callosum?
The two hemispheres are separated but not completely | Joined by a bundle of nerve tissue (200million nerve fibres)
47
Name the functions of the a Corpus Callosum.
Connects the left and right hemispheres | Sends messages from one hemisphere to the other
48
List the four lobes of the brain.
Occipital Lobe - Temporal Lobe - Frontal Lobe - Parietal Lobe
49
Name the functions of the occipital lobe.
Visual processing centre | Responsible for processing visual information from the eyes
50
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing | - Holds the primary auditory cortex
51
Name the functions of the frontal lobe.
Carries our higher metal processes such as thinking, decision making and planning. - Left side deals with language - Right side deals with emotions/ character
52
Discuss the functions of the parietal lobe.
Can be divided into two functional regions: 1. involves sensation and perception 2. Is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily in the visual system assists in processing visual images and other sensory input
53
Name the structures of the Neuron.
Cell body - Axon - Dendrites Myelin Sheath
54
List the types of neurons.
Sensory Neuron - Motor Neuron Relay Neuron
55
What is the function of the cell body in a Neuron?
produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals.
56
Name the function/s of the axon in a Neuron.
conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands
57
What is the difference of the functions of a motor and a sensory Neuron?
Motor Neuron: carries signals from the CNS to effectors. | Sensory Neuron: carry signals from receptors to the spinal cord and brain.
58
What are the function/s of Dendrites in a Neuron?
Dendrites are the structures on the neuron that receive electrical messages. - Serve as the main apparatus for receiving signals from other nerve cells. They function as an "antennae" of the neuron and are covered by thousands of synapses.
59
Name the function/s of the Myelin Sheath in a Neuron.
protect and insulate axons | enhance transmission speed of electrical impulses

unit one biological influences 2016 (1 decks)

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