Unit one - first exam Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is an anion
an anion is when an atom gains electrons, and has a negative charge
what is a cation
a cation is when an atoms looses electrons, and it has a positive charge
difference between orbit and orbital
an orbit is a fixed path (a main energy level), an orbital is a region in space (according to schrodingers model of the atom)
types of sublevels
s: 1 orbital (2 e- max)
p: 3 orbitals (6 e- max)
d: 5 orbitals (10 e- max)
f: 7 orbitals (14 e- max)
formula for de amount of e- in main energy levels
2n^2
Increasing energy of e-
As the e- jumps away from the nucleus, the electrostatic force of attraction towards it, decreases. As a result, it becomes less stable, therefore accounting to a higher energy.
Aufbau principle
e- are placed into orbitals of lowest energy first
Paulo exclusion principle
two e- cannot occupy the same orbital unless they have opposite spins
hund’s rule
when filling orbitals of equal energy, the e- fill the orbitals singly first to avoid repulsion
Exceptions to the e- configuration
EM spectrum
Radiowaves, microwaves, Infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma-rays
Continuous spectrum
The continuous spectrum is the visible region of the EM spectrum. It contains all the colours which together make up white light
White light
white light is a mixture of light waves of differing wavelengths of light
Where are e- found?
e- are found in discrete (particular/ specific) energy levels outside the nucleus of the atom
What is a photon?
A particle of light
e- jumps in an atom
an e- can move to a higher energy level (excited state) by absorption of a photon. It can also move from a higher energy level to a lower level by emitting a photon
characteristic nature of the line spectrum
each element has its own line spectrum, this is the reason why metal produce different coloured flames when their compounds are heated. The colour produced is used to identify the metals.
Why is line spectra an evidence of e- being found in discrete energy levels?
Because if this were not true, the absorption spectrum would consist in all black, and the emission spectrum would be the same as the continuous spectrum.
