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BIOL1011 > UNIT ONE - PLANT BIOLOGY > Flashcards

UNIT ONE - PLANT BIOLOGY Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

what is the official name for land plants?

A

embryophytes

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2
Q

what are the official names for the other main types of plants?

A

chlorophytes and charophytes

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3
Q

what is viridiplantae?

A

the three main groups of plants for this course: chlorphutes, charophutes, and embryophytes

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4
Q

what are the features of all plants?

A

uses starch as energy source
uses chlorophyll a and accessory pigments
has cellulose in cell wall, and thylakoid granas

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5
Q

when did plants split from red algae?

A

~1500 mya

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6
Q

when did land plants adapt?

A

~500mya

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7
Q

what is the oxygen revolution?

A

when oxygen levels in the atmosphere got higher, caused by plants beginning to exist on land

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8
Q

what are the main characteristics of both charophytes and land plants?

A

cell plate and phragmoplast
plasmodesmata
flagellated sperm
peroxisome enzymes
rose shapes complexes
sporopollenin

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9
Q

what are plasmodesmata?

A

extensions of cell membrane through cell wall pores

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10
Q

what are sporopollenin?

A

a durable polymer in spore walls that protects from decay and and desiccation

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of land plants that make them able to live on land?

A

waxy cuticle
multicellular jacketed sex organs (gametangia)
embryophytes
alternation of generations

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12
Q

describe gametangia?

A

multicellular jacketed sex organs of land plants:
antheridium is the male sperm (haploid)
archegonium is the female egg (haploid)

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13
Q

what is an embryophyte?

A

an organisms that retains the zygote in maternal tissue

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14
Q

what is alternation of generations?

A

alternation between gametophyte (haploid 1n) and sporophyte (diploid 2n)

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15
Q

how did alternation of generations evolve?

A

it evolved independently many times because of delays in meiosis which creates multicellular diploid

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16
Q

describe the life cycle of animals?

A

meiosis -> egg + sperm -> fertilization -> zygote -> adult -> meiosis (meiosis to fertilization is 1n haploid, fertilization to meiosis is 2n diploid)

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17
Q

describe the life cycle of land plants?

A

meiosis -> spores -> gametophyte -> egg + sperm -> fertilization -> sporophyte -> meiosis (meiosis to fertilization is 1n haploid, fertilization to meiosis is 2n diploid) (mitosis happens between spores and gametophyte, and between gametophyte and egg/sperm)

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18
Q

what are the four main divisions (phyla) of land plants?

A

div. bryophyta (moss)
div. pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, etc)
div. coniferophyta (conifers)
div. anthophyta (angiosperms/flowering plants)

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19
Q

what are the main features of div. burophyta?

A

low growing in damp areas
gametophyte dominant and homosporous

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20
Q

what does homosporous and heterosporous mean?

A

homosporous = one spore size
heterosporous = two spore sizes

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21
Q

why do mosses grow in their specific conditions?

A

they grow low to the ground because they only have a rudimentary vascular system so they are unable to transport water upwards
they grow in damp areas because they have swimming sperm

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22
Q

what are the main characteristics of div. pterophyta?

A

appeared ~400 mya, and has 20,000 species (mostly tropiclal
they have swimming sperm, but do have vascular systems (xylem and phloem)
they are sporophyte dominant and can be heterosporous or homosporous

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23
Q

what are the main characteristics of div. coniferophyta?

A

~500 species
sporophyte dominant and heterosporous
reproduce like seed plants

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24
Q

how do conifers and seed plants reproduce?

A

seed develops from ovule (site of female meiosis) (in conifers it is the megagameophyte) + pollen is a few cells - the mature male gametophyte (in conifers it is the micogametophyte)

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25
what are the main characteristics of div. anthophyta?
~300,000 named species, has reproductive organs in flower sporophyte dominant and heterosporous with triploid endosperms
26
how to angiosperms reproduce?
microgametophyte (pollen) and megagametophyte (8 nuclei)
27
what is the angiosperm terrestrial revolution?
when the diversification angiosperms coincided with a dramatic diversification of all other organisms
28
what is the terrestrial revolution theory?
angiosperms triggered the diversification by their pollination, seed dispersal and their growingly complex gene mechanisms
29
what are the two main divisions of angiosperms?
monocots and eudicots
30
what differences of monocots and eudicots?
- one cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vasuclar tissue, no main root, one openings on pollen grain, and flowers in groups of 3 - two cotyledons, netlike veins, ring shaped vascular tissue, taproot, three openings on pollen grain, and flowers in groups of 4/5
31
what are the options of sex organs in angiosperms?
usually hermaphroditic (same flower) or monoecy (same plant different flowers) dioecy (different plant)
32
what is a pollination syndrome?
an example of convergent evolution, the colour, size, rewards, etc of organisms pollinated the same way
33
what is the pollination syndrome for bees?
various shapes (can be specialized) various colours (inc yellow blue orange) no odour (or very very specialized)
34
what is the pollination syndrome for bats or moths?
shape is tubular (open at night) colour is yellow or white odour is strong and sweet nectar has large quantities
35
what is the pollination syndrome for birds?
shape is tubular colour is usually red, sometimes yellow no odour nectar is weak (20% sugar) but large quantity
36
what is the pollination syndrome for wind?
shape is not showy - reduced petals no odour/nectar lots of pollen
37
what is deceit pollination?
no reward for pollination
38
what is double fertilization and what can happen?
two sperm nuclei in pollen the sperm that fertilizes the egg gives you an embro (2n diploid) the sperm that fertilized the control egg gives you an endosperm (em triploid)
39
what is an endosperm?
a triploid that ends up being our most principal foodstuff (wheat, corn, rice, etc)
40
what are the two main systems in plant structure?
shoots and roots
41
what is the cell wall made up of?
both primary (thin - in all cells) and secondary (thick - only in some cells) made of cellulose (that forms microfibrils) and cross-linking glycans (hemicellulose) and pectin (it is connected to others by middle lamella (made of pectin)
42
what does the cell wall do?
maintains shape provides strength and support prevents membrane from bursting regulates cell growth/volume barrier to pathogens and sometimes water stores carbs
43
what are the three main tissue systems?
dermal tissue ground tissie vascular tissue
44
what is dermal tissue made up of?
epidermal cells - outermost single layer to waterproof and protect
45
what is ground tissue made up of?
parenchyma collenchyma sclernechyma
46
what is parenchyma?
type ground tissue participates is most metabolic processes found in fruit flesh and endosperms often lack secondary wall can divide and differentiate at maturity
47
what is collenchyma?
functions to support (especially in young plants and growing shoots has uneven primary wall, no secondary wall occurs just below epidermis in strands alive and can elongate at maturity
48
what is sclerenchyma?
supports and protects tissues that are no longer elongating has secondary wall with lignin can't elongate can be fibers and sclereids
49
what are the types of vascular tissue?
tracheids and vessel elements sieve tube elements of the phloem
50
what are tracheids and vessel elements?
support and supply plant with water and minerals dead at maturity secondary wall is lignified
51
what are sieve tube elements of the phloem?
transport sugar (especially sucrose) alive at maturity work with parenchyma as companion cells
52
what is a meristem?
plants grow from them, they divide forever and are undifferentiated, they are the source of the entire sporophyte
53
what are the two types of meristems?
apical meristem and lateral meristem
54
what is the apical meristem?
the root and shoot, responsible for primary growth, it forms the three lateral meristems
55
what is a lateral meristem?
a lateral meristem is made of vascular cambium and cork cambium, it is responsible for secondary growth and becomes the three types of tissue
56
what are the three types of lateral meristem and what tissues do they grow into?
protoderm -> dermal procambium -> vascular ground meristem -> ground tissue
57
what are the main structures of primary roots and what are their functions?
root caps - protect root hairs (epidermal cells - increase absorption area endodermis - surrounds vascular cylinder (innermost layer of cortex) vascular tissue (stele) - centre root pericycle - between vascular cylinder and endodermis, origin of lateral rots
58
what is vascular cambium?
a type of meristem involved in secondary growth
59
what does vascular cambium make?
secondary xylem and secondary phloem (fusiform) more vc (for growth) and parenchyms RAYS (ray)
60
what is cork cambium?
new lateral meristem, which arises from cylinder of cortex cells outside vascular cambium and secondary phloem
61
what does cork cambium do?
produces the periderm
62
what are periderm's layers?
pellorderm to inside (a thin layer of living parenchymal cells) the actual cork cambium cork to outside (suberized dead cells to protect woody plants)
63
what is the transport theory?
the most equitable distribution of energy corresponds to maximum entropy (osmosis, diffusion, etc)
64
what is water potential?
the pressure potential + the solute potential
65
what is an apoplast?
nonliving continuum outside cytosol (cell walls, xylem cells, extracellular spaces)
66
what is a symboplast?
continuum of cytosol connected by plasmodesmata
67
what is an endodermis?
1 cell thick cylinder, material is stele, which contains xylem, phloem, pith, and pericycle - has casparian strip
68
what is a casparian strip?
where the primary wall and middle lamella meet (it is waterproof and impermeable to ions)
69
what are the steps of water flow in xyelm (transpiration-tension-cohesion method)?
- water evaporates from moist cells in leaf stomates (transpiration) - water potential lowers are air-water interface, causing negative pressure (tension) in xylem - H bonds hold water molecules together (cohesion) - pressure is lowest at top of xylem under the pressure gradient, and pulls water up - water and minerals enter root by osmosis
70
how is water flow in xylem controlled?
by somates
71
what signals stomates to open at dawn?
light, CO2, depletion, and circadian rythm
72
what signals stomates to close in dry conditions?
abscisic acid (a hormone that causes K+ to leave the guard cells)
73
how does phloem transpiration work?
sugar solutions and others move through sieve tube elements through the pressure-flow hypothesis
74
what is the pressure-flow hypothesis?
the theory of how solutions move through the phloem
75
what is the equation of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
76
what gets reduced and what gets oxidized in photosynthesis?
CO2 gets reduced H2O gets oxidized
77
where do the light reactions occur?
in the thylakoid membrane
78
where does the calvin cycle occur?
in the stroma
79
what is the equation of the light reactions?
H2O + light + NADP+ + ADP + Pi → O2 + NADPH + ATP
80
what are the steps of the light reactions?
- light hits chlorophyll molecule - e-'s bounce to higher energy level and off the chlorophyll molecule - chlorophyll steals e-'s from H2O (oxidized) - water falls apart (H2O → 2H+ + 2e- + O) - e-'s and H+'s transfer to NADP+ (NADP+ + 2e- + H+ → NADPH) - ADP + Pi yields ATP (photophosphorylation)
81
what is the equation for the calvin cycle?
CO2 + NADPH + ATP → CH2O + NADP+ + ADP + Pi
82
what happens in the calvin cycle?
makes sugar, uses NADPH and ATP from light reactions and creates ADP and NADP+ to use in light reactions
83
what is rubisco?
it attaches the O2 to RuBP during photosynthesis
84
what are the problems with rubisco?
is consumes O2, releasees CO2, makes no ATP, wastes energy, and decreases photosynthetic output
85
what are C4 plants?
C4 plants keep rubisco in bundle sheath cells to keep rubisco away from low concentrations of CO2 in mesophyll cells
86
what are CAM plants?
CAM plants change when they do steps of photosynthesis in accordance with the stomata opening during the night and closing during the day
87
what are the solutions to rubisco problems?
C4 plants and CAM plants
88
what is the main difference between C4 plants and CAM plants?
CAM uses temporal separation of steps, C4 uses spatial separation of steps
89
what are hormones?
organic substances made and used in different places to affect growth and development
90
how do hormones work?
hormones bind to protein receptors (in plasma membrane or cytoplasm) to change it, which stimulates the production of relay molecules in cytoplasm to trigger various responses
91
what is abscisic acid?
a hormone that stimulates stomate closure by causing K+ to leave guard cells
92
what are auxins?
homrones that enhance apical dominance, grow lateral roots, and elongate stems (in phototropism) in young leaves and shoots by increasing H+ pumps to loosen polysaccharides in cell wall
93
what is ethylene?
a hormone that promotes leaf abscission, increases triple response in seedlings, fruit ripening, and root hair production by penetrating membranes and regulating the function of another cell
94
main characteristics of fungi?
heterotrophic, eukaryotic, can be multicellular or unicellular, have cell walls made of chiten, digest externally, ~120,000 species
95
what is a hypha?
a unit of multicellular fungi, two types
96
what are the two types of hypha?
septate and ceoncytic
97
what is the difference between them coencytic and septata hypha?
septate hypha have pores and septums, as well as cell walls and nuclei
98
what are spores?
haploid parts of fungi (most are < 20 nm) contain nucleus, dehydrated cytoplasm, and protective coat and can remain dormant for long periods
99
how are spores produced?
either sexually (meiosis), or asexually (mitosis) by spores in sporangia, by conida (spores) in conidiophores, or by budding
100
what do spores do?
move to new food sources, avoid adverse environment, and form new genetic combination
101
what are the five phylas of fungi?
chytridiomycota zygomycota glomeromycota basidiomycota ascomycota
102
what are the characteristics of chytridiomycota?
~ species of single or hyphae have "zoospores" which are sexually produced haploid flagellated spore grow in awuatics and soil are decomposers, parasites, and commensals
103
what are main features of zygomycota?
~100 species of coencytic hyphae are decomposers, parasites, commensals
104
what are the characteristics of glomeromycota?
160 species of coenocytic hyphae only reproduce asexually, have mycorrhizae obligate symbionts
105
what are the main features of basidiomycota?
30,000 species of multicellular septate mycelia are decomposers and ectomycorrhizals can reproduce sexually (basidiocarp is the fruiting body) or asexually (conidia formed for hyphae)
106
what are asconmycota?
"sac" fungi with 65,000 species of multicellular or unicellular multicellulars can reproduce sexually (asocarp as fruiting body) or asexually with conida
107
what are the the identifiers of the phyla of fungi?
- chytridiomycota have flagellated spores - xygomycota have resistant zygosporangium - glomeromycota have arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants - basidiomycota have sexual spores in sacs, and ascomycetes that produce a lot of sexual spres - ascomycota have elaborate furiting bodies that produce sexual spores

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