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Bio 30 Midterm > Unit One: Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit One: Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

definition of the glans penis

A

The rounded, gland-like head of the penis.

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2
Q

urethra

A

tube that empties bladder

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3
Q

erectile tissue (spongey)

A

the vessels in the penis fill with blood that allows the penis to become hard

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4
Q

Cowper’s Gland (bulbourethral)

A

either of a pair of small glands which open into the urethra at the base of the penis and secrete a constituent of seminal fluid

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5
Q

prostate gland

A

a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in males that releases prostatic fluid.

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6
Q

seminal vesicle

A

neutralizes female acidity

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7
Q

vas deferens

A

the connector between the epididymis and seminal vesicle

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8
Q

epididymis

A

the location of where mature sperm is stored

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9
Q

testes

A

produces testosterone and sperm

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10
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

any of the coiled thread-like tubules that make up the bulk of the testis and are lined with a layer of epithelial cells from which the spermatozoa are produced

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11
Q

testosterone

A

produced in the testes: Used to mature sperm and maintain secondary set characteristics

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12
Q

hypothalamus

A

produces GnRH

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13
Q

LH in Males

A

produced in the brain: travels to the testes via the bloodstream and causes the Leydig cells to produce testosterone.

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14
Q

FSH in Males

A

made in the brain and travels to the testes via the bloodstream and begins to produce and mature sperm cells

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15
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

produces sperm cells

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16
Q

Leydig Cells

A

produces testosterone

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17
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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18
Q

haploid cell

A

Haploid refers to the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only the egg and sperm cells are haploid.

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19
Q

peristalsis

A

Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

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20
Q

scrotum

A

where testes are stored

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21
Q

semen

A

fluid that is ejected from the male containing sperm cells that fertilize the egg

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22
Q

Sperm

A

Sperms are microscopic cells with a haploid nucleus. They carry the genetic information of males to the egg cell of the female.

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23
Q

Condom

A

a thin rubber sheath worn on a man’s penis during sexual intercourse as a contraceptive or as a protection against infection.

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24
Q

withdrawl

A

when a male removes his penis from the vagina before he ejaculates during sex.

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25
Q

vasectomy

A

A vasectomy works by stopping sperm getting into a man’s semen, the fluid that he ejaculates. The tubes that carry sperm from a man’s testicles to the penis are cut, blocked or sealed with heat.

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26
Q

castration (chemical and physical)

A

Chemical: Chemical castration uses certain chemicals to reduce a man’s libido or sexual activity by lowering testosterone

Physical: the physical removal of the testes

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27
Q

cervix

A

connects your womb and vagina, tunnel-like organ

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28
Q

fallopian tube

A

pair of tubes along which eggs travel from ovaries to uterus

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29
Q

urethra

A

the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen.

30
Q

clitourous

A

most sensitive and feel-good part of a woman

31
Q

vagina

A

the muscular tube leading from the external genitalia to the cervix of the uterus - provides lubrication and sensation

32
Q

penis

A

sperm transfer tool

33
Q

uterus

A

the pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg implants during pregnancy- where the baby develops

34
Q

endometrium

A

the inner layer. estrogen causes it to thicken so it can nourish during pregnancy

35
Q

ovaries

A

produce and store your eggs- make hormones and control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy

36
Q

estrogen

A

breast development, curves develop, thickens uterine lining, inhibits FSH and LH original from the ovaries, and will prepare and maintain pregnancy

37
Q

LH (luteinizing Hormone) in Female

A

causes the egg to release, and surge causes ovulation which results in the formation of corpus lutetium- this hormone develops in the brain

38
Q

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) in female

A

wakes up the egg,stimulates follicle growth in the ovaries, and stimulates estrogen secretion. originates from the brain.

39
Q

menstrual cycle

A

The menstrual cycle is the monthly series of changes a woman’s body goes through in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy. between 21-40 days, egg is released on the 13/14th day.

40
Q

follicle in ovary

A

A small, fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains one immature egg. there are thousands of them

41
Q

process of ovulation

A

Ovulation is the process in which a mature egg is released from the ovary. After it’s released, the egg moves down the fallopian tube and stays there for 12 to 24 hours, where it can be fertilized.

42
Q

corpus lutetium

A

Following the release of the egg and subsequent fertilization, the follicle seals itself off and forms what is known as a corpus luteum. This mass of cells helps produce the hormone progesterone during early pregnancy.

43
Q

progesterone

A

thickens uterine lining, inhibits FSH and LH organelles from the ovaries, and will prepare and maintain pregnancy

44
Q

fertilization

A

when sperm cells meet the egg, this takes place in the fallopian tube then moves to the uterus for the zygote to grow into a fetus

45
Q

implantation

A

where the zygote buries into the endometrium

46
Q

pregnancy

A

The condition between conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm) and birth, during which the fertilized egg develops in the uterus. lasts about 9 months or 288 days

47
Q

The pill

A

mocks pregnancy, a high shot of progesterone. no sperm produced, makes them think that the job is done.

48
Q

IUD

A

doesn’t allow an egg to get through and can last up to 5 years

49
Q

Tubal ligation

A

cutting off our tieing the fallopian tube so that the egg can not travel from the ovaries to the uterus

50
Q

Hysterectomy

A

remove the uterus

51
Q

vasectomy

A

permanent barrier- cutting of the vas deferans

52
Q

castration

A

no sperm is produced, making an incision into the scrotum is followed by the physical extraction of both testes.

53
Q

pituitary gland

A

monitors the amount of testosterone is in the bloodstream and controls how much testosterone is produced

54
Q

what causes the menstrual cycle

A

The ovaries release the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones cause the lining of the uterus (or womb) to build up. LH increases dropping an egg

55
Q

what two hormones are produced in the brain of both males and female

A

LH and FSH

56
Q

what happens when there is too much testosterone

A

-put muscle on
-causes an increase in muscle mass
-aggressive behavior
-oily skin

57
Q

what happens when you add testosterone to a female

A
  • increases muscle mass
    -develop male characteristics
58
Q

what happens when you remove testosterone from a male

A

begin to develop female characteristics

59
Q

oophorectomy

A

female castration

60
Q

what hormones are involved in female reproduction

A

FSH,LH,progesterone and estrogen

61
Q

on what day of the menstrual cycle does the brain crank out estrogen

A

day 13/14

62
Q

fimbriae

A

collect the egg released from the ovaries after ovulation and draws it into the fallopian tube

63
Q

Concept of being in heat

A
  1. brain releases FSH and LH (low)
    -wakes up egg
    -estrogen
  2. hormones peak on Day 13
    -LH spikes - releases an egg
  3. ovulation
  4. progesterone rises (possible pregnancy)
    5- FSH,LH,Progesterone,Estrogen
  5. Restarts (gets period)
64
Q

What is a zygote and where does it become a zygote

A

a zygote is a fertilized egg and becomes a zygote in the fallopian tube where it then buries itself into the endometrium

65
Q

what are the barriers to fertilization

A

Acidic Vagina- kills sperm cells
cervix/uterus- closed-opens at certain times of the month
-Body fat %- not having enough body fat
-Birth control- cannot have babies while on BC

66
Q

stem cells

A

becomes any type of cell in the human body.

67
Q

protective structures

A

-Placenta-between mom and baby
-amnion- contains amniotic fluid
-chorion-white covering, really tough, another layer of protection
-amniotic fluid- when the water breaks, cushion

68
Q

what are the three trimesters and what happens in them

A

1st trimester:
- structures are built
-the foundation is established

2nd Trimester:
-putting sides on, finishing off the organs, lungs develop

3rd trimester:
size and weight increase

69
Q

reproductive technology

A

Artificial insemination- gives the sperm a boost
IVF- takes eggs and sperm and mix them in a dish
intra-cytoplasmatic sperm injection- forced fertilization
surogacy- your sperm and eggs in another woman’s uterus

70
Q

what is an epidural

A

type of pain medicine where they inject a needle into the spine and knock out feeling from the shoulder down

Bio 30 Midterm (5 decks)

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