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unit review Flashcards

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1
Q

4 schools of thought in psych

A

psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral

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2
Q

what roles do nature and nurture play?

A

Nature:
people behave the way they do because they are animals who act in accordance with their animal instincts and are determined by their biology
Nurture:
behaviour determined by things other people teach them and because of the different situations they are put in

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3
Q

what is the psychodynamic theory? 3 parts of human consciousness?

A

Theory that all human behavior is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life
3 Parts: ID (Meeting basic needs and instinctual part of the brain), Ego (Dealing with reality and rational part of the brain), and Superego (Adding morals and moral part of the brain)

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4
Q

What are Erik Erikson’s 8 Psychosocial stages? List and describe Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.

A

They involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social). (8 stages)
1. trust vs mistrust (hope)
2. autonomy vs shame (will)
3. initiative vs guilt (purpose)
4. industry vs inferiority (competency)
5. ego identity vs role confusion (fidelity)
6. intimacy vs isolation (love)
7. generativity vs stagnation (care)
8. ego integrity vs despair (wisdom)

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5
Q

what are carl jungs levels of the psyche?

A

the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious

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6
Q

difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. operant conditioning is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behaviour is modified by reinforcement or punishment

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7
Q

freuds stages of psychosexual development

A

the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages. (source of pleasure)

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8
Q

piagets stages of cognitive development

A

Stage 1 - Sensorimotor stage (Infancy).
this stage is when knowledge of the world is limited and it is based on physical interactions and experiences (intelligence through motor skills)
object permanence is developed around 7 months
Stage 2 - Pre-operational stage (Toddler and Early Childhood).
Symbols, language matures, and memory and imagination is developed
Only able to see things from their own point of view
Stage 3 - Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence).Logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects
Operation thinking develops
Egocentric thought demishes
Stage 4 - Formal operational stage (Adolescence and adulthood).
logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts
Early in this period return to egocentric point of view

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9
Q

what did harlows experiments demonstrate

A

His experiments demonstrated how love and lack of it have large effects on anyone. It was particularly useful to find out why love is something that any species needs.

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10
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain and what are their key functions?

A

Frontal - Decision making part of the brain
Parietal - Processes and interprets touch and temperature
Occipital - Most of the brains visual cortex (assign meaning to & remember visual perceptions)
Temporal - processes auditory information and encoding of memory

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11
Q

How does mental health affect behaviour?

A

Mental health is significant to our behaviour because it is a psychological thing that can affect us in social, emotional and psychological ways. This would also cause potentially irrational behaviours and decisions to be made due to the fact that this is driven mentally.

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12
Q

What are the four main ethical principles in the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists?

A

Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples
Responsible Caring.
Integrity in Relationships
Responsibility to Society.

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13
Q

What are three theories/hypothesis for explaining dreams?

A

PSYCHOANALYTIC DREAM THEORY (FREUD)
No dictionary for what everything symbolizes within a dream but there are common themes in dreams
PROBLEM-SOLVING THEORY (CARTWRIGHT ET AL.)
Dreams reflect emotions
ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS THEORY (HOBSON & MCCARLEY)
Dreams result from random activation of brain cells responsible for eye movement, muscle movement, balance, and vision.

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14
Q

What are some factors affecting false confessions?

A

Real or perceived intimidation of the suspect by law enforcement
Use of force by law enforcement during the interrogation, or perceived threat of force
Compromised reasoning ability of the suspect, due to exhaustion, stress, hunger, substance use, and, in some cases, mental limitations, or limited education. Young people who do not understand their rights and are taught to please authority figures are particularly vulnerable.
Devious interrogation techniques, such as untrue statements about the presence of incriminating evidence
Fear, on the part of the suspect, that failure to confess will yield a harsher punishment

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15
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalytic Theory – theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life

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16
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Pavlov was initially interested in studying how digestion works in mammals. He later tested classical conditioning, where he conditioned dogs to start salivating when a bell was rung, when before the bell was presented with food

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17
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Canadian psychologist who researched the understanding of social learning theory, the theory that social behaviour is learned by observing and imitating the behaviour of others. Famous experiment: Bobo Doll Experiment.

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18
Q

Carl Rogers

A

proposed that therapy could be simpler, warmer and more optimistic. He suggested that clients would be better helped if they were encouraged to focus on their current subjective understanding rather than on some unconscious motive or someone else’s interpretation of the situation.

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19
Q

Jean Piaget

A

the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. his contributions include a theory of child cognitive development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple yet ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities. **developed the stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational)

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20
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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21
Q

Carl Jung

A

Jung believed that the mind had both conscious and unconscious levels. Unlike Freud, Jung strongly asserted that the most important part of the unconscious springs not from personal experiences of the individual but from the distant past of human existence, a concept called the collective unconscious.

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22
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Erikson was an ego psychologist. Erikson extends on Freudian thoughts by focusing on the adaptive and creative characteristic of the ego, and expanding the notion of the stages of personality development to include the entire lifespan.

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23
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Harlow became interested in studying a topic that was not so easy to quantify and measure: love. surrogate mother experiment

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24
Q

BF Skinner

A

The work of Skinner was rooted in a view that classical conditioning was far too simplistic to be a complete explanation of complex human behavior.

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25
Howard Gardner
american psychologist who developed the theory of multiple intelligences (musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, naturalistic, intrapersonal, visual-spatial)
26
Edward Thorndike
He devised a classic experiment in which he used a puzzle box to empirically test the laws of learning.
27
Elizabeth Loftus
American psychologist who revealed how memories can be changed by things that we are told. her most famous experiment is the lost-in-a-mall study, where children were asked to recall the time they were lost in a shopping mall, and some would believe with the effect of misinformation
28
Phineas Gage
It helped to understand how the frontal lobe works and functions and that it influences personality. He also influenced neurology, they observed his change in personality and were able to come up with theories of brain functions and how the brain works and functions in general.
29
aggression
a behaviour intended to cause harm or pain
30
anxiety disorders
an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts, and physical changes like increased blood pressure.
31
archetypes
universal symbols that tend to reappear over time; includes models of people, behaviours, and personalities
32
bullying
aggression generated by a type of paranoia that attributes hostile intentions to others and perceived provocation where it does not exist
33
Bystander effect
a concept in social psychology used to explain why the larger the number of people in a group, the less likely it is that individuals will stop to help someone in an emergency.
34
cerebrum
the largest and most developed portion of the brain, which is responsible for controlling memory, understanding , and logic
35
classical conditioning
a type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus.
36
client centered therapy
a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the client plays an active role.
37
cognition
the mental process in the brain associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering.
38
collective unconscious
the shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestors
39
conditioned response
the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
40
conditioned stimulus
an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditional stimulus.
41
conformity
the process by which one changes one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviour to meet the expectations of a group or authority figure
42
conscious
information that we are always aware of; our conscious mind performs the thinking when we take in new information
43
critical periods
time during early postnatal life when the development and maturation of functional properties of the brain, its “plasticity,” is strongly dependent on experience or environmental influences.
44
cross-cultural psychology
an area of study that looks at the effect of culture on human behaviour
45
defense mechanism
the ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety
46
deindividuation
the loss of a person's sense of individuality and personal responsibility when immersed in a group environment
47
discrimination
the act of treating groups or individuals unfairly based on their race, gender, or other common characteristic; can be overt systematic
48
eating disorders
behavioral conditions characterized by severe and persistent disturbance in eating behaviors and associated distressing thoughts and emotions.
49
ego
Freud’s term for the rational part of the mind, which operates on the reality principle
50
ego identity
a conscious sense of self developed through social interactions, which is constantly changing
51
ethical
dealing with morals that are right or wrong
52
explicit attitudes
a response based on conscious judgment and can be measured directly by self-report.
53
extinction
in operant conditioning the diminishing of a conditioned response due to a lack of reinforcement
54
extroversion
directing one’s interests outward, especially toward social contacts
55
fixation
the continued focus on an earlier stage of psychosocial development due to an unresolved conflict at the oral, anal, or phallic stage
56
gender identity
an individual’s sense of being male or female
56
gender identity
an individual’s sense of being male or female
57
groupthink
the effects of collective pressure on the decision-making abilities of individual members of a group
58
heredity
physical characteristics and aspects of personality and behaviour that are passed down genetically from your relatives
59
ID
Freud’s term for the instinctual part of the mind, which operates on the pleasure principle
60
Identity crisis
a time in a teenager's life filled with extreme self-consciousness as he or she attempts to test and integrate various roles
61
introversion
directing one's interests inwards
62
logotherapy
psychotherapy that helps a patient find the meaning of their life as a human without accessing the medical aspect of mental health
63
mental health
includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
64
mental illness
alterations in thinking, mood or behaviour associated with significant distress and impaired functioning
65
misinformation effect
term used in the cognitive psychological literature to describe both experimental and real-world instances in which misleading information is incorporated into an account of an historical event.
66
mood disorders
If you have a mood disorder, your general emotional state or mood is distorted or inconsistent with your circumstances and interferes with your ability to function.
67
motivation
The study of why we do things – the causes of our behavior
68
neuroscientist
a scientist who specializes in the study of the human brain
69
neurotic disorder
a mental disorder involving anxiety and fear
70
neutral stimulus
A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that at first elicits no response
71
Non-REM sleep
During REM sleep, your eyes move around rapidly in a range of directions, but don't send any visual information to your brain. That doesn't happen during non-REM sleep(third stage of sleep before the cycle restarts)
72
operant conditioning
a type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behavior
73
operants
an item of behavior that is initially spontaneous, rather than a response to a prior stimulus, but whose consequences may reinforce or inhibit recurrence of that behavior.
74
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
75
personality disorders
a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving
76
phobia
anxiety about a specific object, activity, or situation
77
the capacity to be shaped, molded, or altered
plasticity
78
an individual judgment about or active hostility toward another social group
prejudice
79
Sigmund Freud's theory that all human behavior is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life
psychoanalytic theory
80
when people lose some contact with reality
psychosis
81
any aversive stimulus that is used as a consequence to an action for the purpose of decreasing or extinguishing repeated occurrences
punishers
82
erroneous judgment, assumptions, opinions, or actions toward a person or group, based on the belief that one race is superior to another
racism
83
a consequence that follows an operant response that increase (or attempts to increase) the likelihood of that response occurring in the future.
reinforces
84
The phase of sleep in which most dreams occur. During REM sleep, a person's brain activity, breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure increase, and the eyes move rapidly while closed.
REM sleep
85
reaching one's full potential; occurs only after basic physical and psychological needs are met
self-actualization
86
the continuing process where an individual learns the appropriate behavioral patterns, skills, and values for his or her social world
socialization
87
an exaggerated view or judgment made about a group or class of people
stereotypes
88
a belief that leads to social disgrace
stigma
89
Freud's term for the moral center of the mind
superego
90
the natural response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
91
a stimulus that naturally triggers a response
unconditioned stimulus
92
information processing in our mind that we are not aware of; according to Freud, it holds our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories; according to Jung, it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all
unconscious
93
psychodynamic
based on the belief that unlocking the unconscious mind is the key to understanding human behaviour and relationships an approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patient’s conflicted conscious and unconscious feelings examines the role of unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences in determining personality, behaviour, motivations and thought
94
behavioural
behavioural or learning theories examine the role of the environment in shaping and controlling behaviour behaviourism is how we learn specific behaviours and emphasizes the environment in shaping desirable behaviours
95
humanistic
humanism emphasizes the study of the whole person - the potential of each human being to be fully functional, self actualizing, and truly health humanistic psychologists look at human behaviour not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving humanistic psychologists believe that the client should be very involved in his or her own recovery, rather than relying only on the therapists interpretation of the issues humanism rejects scientific methodology like experiments and typically uses qualitative research methods. for example, diary accounts, open ended questionnaires, unstructured interviews and unstructured observations qualitative research is useful for studies at the individual level, and to find out, in depth, the ways in which people think or feel (case studies) the way to really understand other people is to sit down and talk with them, share their experiences and be open to their feelings one major difference between humanistic counselors and other therapists is that they refer to those in therapy as ‘clients’, not ‘patients’.
96
cognitive
cognitive theories study the structure and development of the individual thought process and the ways in which those process can affect the person's understanding of and expectations of his or her world and how these understandings and expectations can affect the individuals behaviour Cognitive psychology is the study and application of how the brain learns It revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind. cognition literally means ‘knowing’ in other words, cognitive psychology refers to the study of human mental processes and their role in thinking, feeling, and behaving

psychology (1 decks)

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