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AP Biology > Unit Six/Eight: Metabolism And Energy And Immunity > Flashcards

Unit Six/Eight: Metabolism And Energy And Immunity Flashcards

(92 cards)

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0
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

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1
Q

What are the forms and types of energy?

A

Potential or stored energy

Kinetic or energy in motion

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2
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Every energy transformation makes the universe less organized and more disordered

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3
Q

Heat

A

The energy if random molecular movement in which half of energy is lost as

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4
Q

Entropy

A

Used to indicate the relative amount of disorganization

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical reactions that occur in a cell. They can be divided into catabolism and anabolism

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down reactions

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Building reactions

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8
Q

Free energy

A

(G) the amount of energy available or still free to do the work

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9
Q

How is the change in free energy calculated?

A

By subtracting the free energy content of the reactants from that of the products

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10
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

(- change G)?energy released, occurs spontaneously

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11
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

(+ change G) products have more free energy than the reactants with an input of energy

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12
Q

Coupled reactions

A

Exergonic reactions is used to drive endergonic reactions

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13
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another

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14
Q

What lowers activation energy?

A

Catalysts

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15
Q

Structure of an enzyme

A

Protein molecules that put stress on chemical bonds, lower activation energy required to speed up chemical reactions

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16
Q

Active site

A

Globular proteins that have a depression

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17
Q

Substrate

A

Molecule an enzyme acts on

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18
Q

What factors effect enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, ph, substrate concentration,enzyme concentration

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19
Q

Temperature affecting enzymes

A

Too cold creates a rigid bond with no induced fit and too jot denatures an enzyme when the peptide bond fails

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20
Q

Ph affecting an enzyme

A

Too extreme denatures an enzyme

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21
Q

Substrate concentration affecting an enzyme

A

Reaction rate will level off as substrate is available

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22
Q

Enzyme concentration affecting an enzyme

A

Reaction rate increases until all enzyme is used

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23
Q

No competitive inhibition

A

Binding of a inhibitor at a site outside of the active site changes the shape of the enzyme (allosteric change) so that substrate can’t bind to the enzyme. Product inhibits enzyme which creates it

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24
Competitive inhibition
Binding of an inhibitor at the enzymes active site which inhibits the reaction with the substance
25
Activation
Binding of an activator at the site outside of the active site enables binding of substrate to the active site, activating the reaction
26
Coenzymes
Pass electrons from active site to active site In redox rxns, such as NAD+ to NADH in cell respiration or NADP+ to NADP in photosynthesis
27
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
28
Reduction
Gain of electrons
29
What is ATP used for?
Chemical, transport, and mechanical work
30
How is ATP created and what is its structure?
Using ADP by adding a phosphate group through hydrolysis so the structure is adenosine and three phosphate to allow it to carry and be able to release as much energy by high energy electrons passed down a series or carriers
31
Substrate level phosphorylation
The synthesis of ATP by reactions in which ADP is used
32
Chemiosmosis
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient
33
Digestion
Ingests food Digests food Absorbs molecules Eliminates waste
34
Incomplete digestion
One opening for taking in food and eliminating waste (extra cellular and intracellular)
35
Extracellular
Digestion by enzymes in the digestive tract
36
Intracellular
Occurs in cells lining the digestive tract
37
Complete digestion
Two openings, mouth and anus, and all is extra cellular
38
Chemical digestion
Breaks down food by enzymes and hydrochloric acid
39
Mechanical digestion
Breaks down food by teeth and by churning of stomach and small intestine
40
Pathway of food
Mouth (chews food and digests starch) Pharynx Esophagus (moves by peristalsis) Stomach (stores food and acidity kills some bacteria and digests proteins) Small intestine (digests foods and absorbs nutrients) Large intestine (absorbs water) Anus (releases waste)
41
What are the accessory organs?
Pancreas, liver, gallbladder
42
Pancreas exocrine gland
Releases digestive enzyme and sodium bicarbonate into the small intestine
43
Pancreas endocrine gland
Releases hormones into the blood stream to regulate blood sugar
44
Liver
Produces bile
45
Gallbladder
Stores it
46
Maximum surface area related to the structure of the small intestine
Creates faster adsorption
47
Structure of a virus
DNA/RNA surrounded by a capsid protein coat
48
Virus and a host
A virus injects a host cell and replicates itself
49
Lytic cycle
Viral DNA or RNA is injected into the host cell where it directs the synthesis of more of the viral genome and more viral capsids which are then assembled inside the host cell. The cell to rupture releasing the newly produced viruses.
50
Lysogenic cycle
Viral DNA is integrated into the host cell DNA and may be carried for years or may switch to the lyric cycle. While latent the viral DNA is called prophase
51
Bacteriophage
Virus that infects bacteria
52
Viroids
Naked strands of RNA that cause crop disease
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Prions
Newly discovered disease agents that vary from viruses and bacteria
54
Structure of a prokaryotic cell
Cell wall, DNA and RNA and some have flagella
55
How is a bacterial cell wall different from other cell walls?
It has peptioglycan
56
How do prokaryotes produce?
Binary fusion
57
Conjugation
Genes transform from one bacteria to another by sex pili
58
Transduction
Genes are transferred between bacteria by a bacteriophage
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Transformation
Genes are taken up from the surrounding environment
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What are some archaea?
Methogens Halophiles Acidophiles Thermophiles
61
Archaea
Occur in extreme conditions and are prokaryotes
62
Gram positive
Cell wall contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan
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Gram negative
Cell wall has only a thin layer of peptidoglycan
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Modes of nutrition for a prokaryotic cell
``` Photo autotrophs (use sun and gives off oxygen) Photo heterotrophs (use light and organic matter) Chemo autotrophs (carry out chemosynthesis) Chemo heterotrophs (take in organic matter) Saptotrophs (decompose organic molecules) ```
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Non-specific defense
React to anything foreign and to tissue damage. Is the body's first response and involves no memory of specific pathogens.
66
Specific defense
Responds to specific pathogens or antigens and remembers antigen for a future attack
67
Physical barriers
Non-specific pathogen, skin, mucous membranes, ciliated membranes
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Chemical defense
Non-specific defense, kills microbes with lysozyme s found in saliva, sweat, and tears and acid like HCL from digestion and skins oil and sweat lowering the ph
69
Inflammatory response
Non-specific defense, histamines cause blood vessels to dilate around injury to attract more immune cells , mast cells are white blood cells in connective tissue that release chemical alarms causing dilation to attract phagocytes
70
Phagocytes
Kills microbes, non-specific defense
71
Microbes
Type of blood cell
72
Macrophages
Big eater that ingest bacteria by end oxytocin, phagocytes
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Neutrophils
Phagocytes, ingest bacteria and then release bleach like substance to kill pathogen and themselves
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Natural killer cells
Kill abnormal cells by puncturing the membrane to kill microbes and cause cancer
75
Major histocompatibility complex
Glycoprotein marker that identifies self from non-self by MAC killing non-self microbes, amplifying other responses, macrophages send signal to hypothalamus increasing temperature causing increase in phagocytosis and inhibits microbe growth
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Lymphocytes
White blood cells involved in the body's specific immune response (T and B cells)
77
Cell mediated response
Macrophage binds to antigen and presents it to a T cell with the matching antigen receptor to be copied thousands of times to create helper, killer/cytotoxic, and memory t cells
78
Helper T-cells
Initiate immune response by releasing chemicals that stimulate phagocytosis and promote clonal expansion of T and B cells
79
Killer/cytotoxic T-cells
Puncture infected body cells and insert performing to lysis
80
Memory T-cells
Remain in blood stream for future immunity
81
Humoral response
Long range defense initiated by T-cells B cell with the appropriate antigen receptor binds to antigen stimulates proliferation and clones itself resulting in plasma and memory B cells
82
Plasma cells
B cells that produce antibodies to fight infection
83
Memory B cells
Cells that remain in the body for future immunity . They will quickly produce plasma cells in the body if infected by the same pathogen again
84
Antibody
Specific antigen binding site in 2 arms of the Y to fight an infection
85
Clonal expansion
Copied many times to aid specific defense
86
Primary immunity
First time infected several days for B cells to proliferate
87
Secondary immunity
Memory cells react to the antigen faster the second time the infection occurs
88
Active immunity
Persons own immune system (naturally or artificially induced)
89
Passive immunity
Temporary immunity not involving individuals own immune system (common in babies)
90
Vaccines
Triggers the production of antibodies, Jenner used cowpox for small pics and Pasteur weakened cholera in chickens
91
Disorders of the immune system
Aids or HIV Allergies Auto-immune diseases (immune system turns on self)

AP Biology (7 decks)

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