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Pathophysiology 1 > Unit Test 1 > Flashcards

Unit Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes/Macrophages

Lymphocytes, T-cells, B-cells, NKC

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2
Q

Macrophages that live in connective tissue

A

Langerhan cells

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3
Q

Cells that secrete mucous in nose and upper respiratory tract

A

Goblet cells

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4
Q

Complement system

A

> 20 plasma proteins made by Liver (C1-C9)
Bind to microbial invaders
Form membrane attack complex
Attract phagocytosis cells (macrophages)

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5
Q

Neutrophils

A

1st responders
Most abundant
Fungal, bacterial infections

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6
Q

Eosinophils

A

Destroy parasitic worms

Elevated in allergic reactions(secrete histaminases)

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7
Q

Basophils

A

Secrete histamine
Similar to mast cells
Receptors for IgE antibodies

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8
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Act as antigen presenting cells (take to T helper cells)
Arrive after neutrophils

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9
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Part of innate
Recognize and kill tumor cells, cells infected with virus
As oppose to free floating pathogens

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10
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T and B cells (acquired immunity)
NKC (innate)

Most active in viral and chronic infections

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11
Q

CD4 T helper cells

A

Recognize pathogen, secretes cytokines

Activates B cell and macrophages

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12
Q

CD8 T killer

A

Cell mediated immunity
Similar to NKC but acquired
Eliminates intracellular pathogens such as virus by destroying cell

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13
Q

T-suppressor cells

A

Suppress immune response

Possibly not working in autoimmune

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14
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

T helper cells instruct B cell to differentiate into plasma cell and produce antibodies

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15
Q

IgM

A

First responder

Acute problem, current infection

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16
Q

IgG

A

Produced after IgM, well designed for pathogen
Lifelong immunity
Cross placenta, don’t last but help for 6 mo

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17
Q

IgA

A

Mucosal secretions: saliva, breast milk

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18
Q

IgE

A

Mediates inflammatory, allergic, parasitic response

Binds to and activates MAST cells

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19
Q

IgD

A

Not in blood stream, membrane bound to B cells

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20
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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21
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A 
Heat
Swelling
Redness
Pain
Loss of function
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22
Q

Causes of atrophy

A

Disuse, dennervation, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, ischemia

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23
Q

Hyperplasia

A 
Increase in number of cells
Physiological
-hormonal: increase in breast tissue
-compensatory: wound healing
Pathological
-often hormonal, benign prostatic hyperplasia
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24
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change from one mature, well differentiated cell type into another
Often result of chronic inflammation

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25
Dysplasia
Immature/undifferentiated cells replace mature cells Result of chronic inflammation Often precursor to cancer
26
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death Does not activate immune response No cell debris
27
Necrosis
Unregulated digestion of cell Activates immune response Products of cell death released into extra cellular space Large area=gangrene
28
Dry gangrene
Interference with arterial blood supply to area Line of demarcation Area becomes dry, shrinks, and wrinkle Slow progression
29
Wet gangrene
``` Interference with venous return Area becomes swollen Susceptible to bacteria infection Must amputate No line of demarcation ```
30
4 steps of acute inflammation
1. damaged tissues secrete cytokines>cause cells to produce cell adhesion molecules>damaged mast cells secrete histamine 2. histamine causes quick transit constriction>dilation>capillaries become more leaky 3. immune cells enter tissue 4. platelets seal wound
31
Hallmarks acute inflammation
rapid, transient response to injury generally beneficial predominance of neutrophils followed by macrophages
32
Hallmarks of chronic inflammation
``` self perpetuating(inflammation itself causes tissue damage) predominance of macrophages and lymphocytes proliferation of blood vessels damaging: tissue destruction, fibrosis (scar tissue), loss of organ function, calcification ```
33
Dystrophic Calcification
deposition of calcium salts in injured tissue Ca comes from surrounding dead cells, blood, interstitial fluid athlerosclerosis, hardening of arteries
34
Metastatic Calcification
deposits of Ca occur in normal tissue due to high serum Ca | kidney stones
35
Type I Hypersensitivity
Allergy requires sensitization involve IgE bond to mast cells and basophils antigen binding triggers histamine release
36
Type II
antigen = fixed & intrinsic to tissue where reaction occurs IgG and IgM eg autoimmune, blood transfusion, tissue transplant
37
Type III
antibody, antigen complexes free exogenous or endogenous antigen IgG, IgM eg strep complexes get stuck in KD
38
Type IV
Not antibody mediated | eg TB, CD8 try to kill infected macrophages, tissue in surrounding area ends up getting damaged
39
hypertrophy
increase in cellular size from increased work load physiological or pathological skeletal and cardiac tissue(high BP)
40
Prion
``` protein without genome B sheath shape cellular proteins that we can't break down accumulate in the brain eg BSE-mad cow no treatment ```
41
virus
DNA or RNA, NOT BOTH surrounded by protein coat | eg polio
42
Bacteria
prokaryotic both RNA and DNA cell wall made of peptidoglycan (targeted by antibiotics)
43
Bacteria naming by growth pattern
Strepto- chains Diplo- pairs Staphylo- clusters
44
Bacteria by shape
- cocci: round - bacilli: rod shaped - vibrio: curved like boomerang - spirilla: spiral
45
Diptheria
corynebacterium diphtheria spread by water droplet binds to cells of respiratory tract and releases exotoxin that leads to cell death layer of dead tissue develops in upper respiratory tract
46
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani (bacteria found in soil, dust, animal feces exotoxin blocks inhibitory neurotransmitter release from spinal cord spastic paralysis, "lock jaw"
47
Lyme Disease
``` Borrellia Burgdorferi (bacteria transmitted via tick bite) antigen/antibody complexes get lodged in vessels, nerves, joints classic lesion: bulls eye cardias, neuro, arthritic problems ```
48
Impetigo
caused by staph or strep infection common in kids red sores on face, honey crusted lesions, itchy
49
fungus
``` eukaryotic cell walls made of chitin cell membrane made of ergosterol (targeted by antifungals) yeasts=unicellular, ie Candida molds=multicellar ```
50
Tinea or ring worm
superficial fungal infection
51
Parasites | 3 types
1. Protozoa: eukaryotic, unicellular, human to human contact, i.e. malaria 2. Helminths: wormlike, ie roundworms, tape worms 3. Arthropods: ticks, mosquitos, lice, fleas, mites
52
Incubation Period
pathogen is replicating b4 sx appear
53
5 infectious disease stages
incubation prodrome: vague sense of not feeling well acute stage: max impact convalescent stage: containment, repair resolution stage: elimination of pathogen if possible,
54
HIV/AIDS
retrovirus(RNA) bodily secretion attacks anything with CD4 marker: T helper cells and macrophage/monocytes
55
HIV enzymes
Reverse transcriptase Integrase Protease
56
HIV proteins
p24: used for testing, our body makes antibodies to this GP 120: attachment, binds to CD4 marker GP41: helps fuse membranes
57
Seroconversion
enough antibodies to be detectable in HIV test, nothing to do with sx
58
window period
time btw infection and seroconversion
59
incubation period
time btw infection and sx
60
HIV progression
acute flu like infection 1-4wk after infection latent period: 5-10yrs overt AIDS: opportunistic infections, ie pnuemonia
61
Oral-Fecal Hepatitis
HAV, HEV
62
Blood Borne Hepatitis
B, C, D
63
HAV
abrupt onset, self-limiting, doesn't become chronic incubation: 15-50 days vaccine available but not heavily pushed
64
HBV
blood born, very contagious can become chronic and lead to cirrhosis vaccine available incubation: 45-160 days
65
HCV
blood to blood (IV) chronic right off the bat, 85% develop cirrhosis no vaccine incubation: 14-180days
66
HDV
need HBV to develop | common in IV drug users
67
HEV
no chronic state | mostly in developing nation
68
mechanisms of tumor development
increase proto-oncogenes, decrease tumor suppressor genes abnormality in apoptosis dont respond to cell density limitations telomerase re-elongates telomeres
69
benign neoplasia
well differentiated, slow dividing, non-invasive, enclosed in fibrous capsule
70
malignant cells
undifferentiated, rapidly dividing, no fibrous capsule, invade surrounding tissues, metastasis via blood and lymph
71
General sx, red flags of cancer
explained deep body pain, weightloss, fatigue, unexplained bleedin
72
naming benign tumors
-oma | ie osteoma, adenoma
73
naming cancerous tumors
ie adenocarcinoma, sarcoma
74
metastasis
spread via blood and lymph systems leading to secondary tumors
75
Paraneoplastic syndromes
``` disease or sx beyond actual tumor site due to: hormones secreted by tumor cytokines released in response to tumor production of clotting factors neurotransmitter interference ```

Pathophysiology 1 (1 decks)

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