Unit tests for final review 2233 Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
Intensifying screens
A
emit light
2
Q
What was the first modality to use the process of digital imaging in diagnostic radiology
A
CT
3
Q
Digital radiography was first introduced by
A
fuji in 1983
4
Q
The computer radiography cassette is called what?
A
Imaging plate
5
Q
Computed radiography and the screen-film imaging both have what?
A
latent image
6
Q
When switching from screen film imaging to computed radiography, which step in the processing is elimitated for the technologist
A
Reloading the cassettes
7
Q
An a digital radiography system, which of the following are needed to produce a radiographic image?
A
X-ray absorber and CCD
8
Q
What is used in PSP image capture to release the latent image
What is used in PSP image capture to release the latent image
A
Focused laser light
9
Q
T or F? changing matrix or the FOV will not change the size of the pixel.
A
F! You can change the matrix without affecting the FOV and you can change the FOV without affecting the matrix, but a change in either one will change the pixel size
10
Q
Each square in a matrix is called
A
A picture element or pixel
11
Q
The measurement for radiation that was incident on the image receptor for a particular exposure is known as
A
K IND
12
Q
Who was the first person to incorporate digital imaging with the CT scanner
A
Godfrey Hounsfield
13
Q
Early picture archival and communication systems were developed
A
By the U. s military
14
Q
Teleradiography utilized what to produce radiographic images?
A
Telephone lines
15
Q
Compared with a 90 second processing time found in conventional radiography, image acquisition with digital radiography has now been reduced to
A
3 -5 seconds
16
Q
In conventional radiography film processing the sensitivity speck has this electrical charge
A
Negative
17
Q
Another name for exposure latitude is
A
Dynamic range
18
Q
What controls optical density in conventional radiography
A
mAs
19
Q
The perfect image and Processing System would have A MTF of
A
100 percent
20
Q
The ____ is a measurement of the percentage of x-rays that is absorbed when they hit the detector
A
DQE
21
Q
Which of the following cannot be controlled by the technologist and is much dependent on manufacturer and detector quality
A
Equipment noise
22
Q
The nyquist theorem says that the
A
Sampling frequency must be twice the input signal bandwidth
23
Q
Changing the slope of the look-up table graph will increase or decrease the
A
Contrast
24
Q
The first version of DICOM was completed in
A
1985
25
Low pass filtering is also called
Smoothing
26
An image manipulation process that fills in the background so that it is darkened is also known as
shuttering
| Shuttering
27
Annotating for the purpose of identifying the patient's left or right side
Should be used in conjunction with the technologist's markers
28
T or F ? Computed radiography in digital radiography can use the existing diagnostic equipment found in today's imaging room
False
29
DICOM is a standard that allows imaging modalities and PACS to commnuicate in the same language. True or false?
True
30
Data collected within the collimator are represented by A
Pixel graph histogram
31
What to intensifying screens to do
Emits light
32
Teleradiology, moving images of via the telephone line was concepturalized by
Albert jutras
33
The x-ray absorber typically used in direct capture is a
Photo conductor
34
The first full-scale PACS was installed in 1993 in
Baltimore
35
True or false? A Bucky apparatus is required for digital radiography
False
36
Is sample resolution a critical characteristics of a digital image ?
no
37
The number of bits per pixel is called its
Pixel depth
38
Which of the following terms determines the size of the pixel
Matrix
39
How dark or how light a digital image appears on a monitor is called
Brightness
40
If the entire range of exposures were digitized, pixel values representing what would be digitized
All the values
41
They range of exposure values the image detector is able to produce is known as
latitude
42
The histogram displays the useful signal by locating
Maximum and minimum signals
43
High pass filtering is useful for enhancing
Organs and soft tissue
44
What is the amplification of the frequencies in the areas of interest
Edge enhancement
45
Window____ controls contrast, whereas window ___ blank controls ratio of black and white
width ; width
46
What part of the body was the first area scanned by a CT scanner
head
47
S, IgM, and EXI are symbols for
Exposure indicator or vendor specific exposure indicators
48
The acronym DICOM stands for
Digital imaging and communications in medicine
49
The computed radiography cassette is backed by aluminum that
Absorbs x-rays
50
Which one of the following serves to protect against static buildup, dust collection, and mechanical damage to the imaging plate
felt material
51
The reflective layer
Sends light in a forward direction
52
When the imaging plate is irradiated, stimulated electrons enter the
Active layer
53
The optical mirror in the reader
Directs the laser beam to the imaging plate surface
54
The devices that moves the laser rapidly back and forth across the imaging plate is known as
beam deflector
55
The power source for the laser must be
Constant
56
Imaging plates should be erased every
week
57
Computed radiography imaging plates are erased by flooding the plate with
Light
58
The number of bits per pixel is known as bit
Depth
59
The amount of detail present in any image is known as
Spatial resolution
60
The imaging plate reader uses a laser to scan the imaging plate, releasing the energy stored in the phosphor layer as
Blue light
61
Selection of the incorrect body part from the examination menu may result in
Image misinterpretation
62
Kilovoltage Peak can be chosen
For the type and amount of contrast desired
63
The range of Kilovoltage Peak that can be used for computed radiography is
45 to 120 Kilovoltage Peak
64
When insufficient light is produced by the imaging plate phosphor, the image will
be grainy
65
Which of the following should be considered when selecting this CR cassette
Size and type
66
The higher the number of pixels in a matrix and the
Higher the image resolution
67
Grid use for CR examinations is more critical than in film screen radiography because CR
Imaging plates record more densities
68
Grid ratio describes the
Relationship between the height of the lead strips to the interspace
69
Which of the following require more critical beam centering
Focused grid
70
Collimation to a smaller area
Decreases Compton interaction
71
A device that includes a photosensitive array and small pixels that convert light into electrical charges is known as a
Thin film
72
Flat camel detectors that use indirect conversion technology convert
X-ray is to visible light
73
The type of flat-panel detector that uses thin films of silicon integrated with a raise of photodiodes is known as a
Amorphous silicon detector
74
cesium iodide detectors use
Thin crystalline needles
75
A highly efficient indirect conversion system that takes up less fill space than CCD is known as
CMOS
76
When specialized pixels in a complementary metal oxide silicon system are struck with x-ray photons
All of the above
77
Digital imaging systems have
Wider DQE latitude than screen film systems
78
The DQE of detectors changes with changes in
KVp
79
The main factor that limits image quality in cassetteless image acquisition is
noise
80
Data collected within the collimator are represented by a
Histogram
81
The higher than kVp the
Narrower the histogram
82
The longer an image is stored in the CR cassette the
More energy is lost by the electrons
83
The wraparound image or image aliasing occurs when
Sampling occurs less than twice per cycle
84
The phosphor layer is made of phosphors from the
Barium fluorohalide family
85
Typical cassette throughput is
50 cassettes per hour
86
The difference between CCD and CMOS is
CCD Systems have a higher light sensitivity than CMOS
87
Materials that absorb x-rays and produce electrical charges are called
Photo conductors
88
The device that acts like a switch to send electrical charges to the image processor in a direct conversion flat-panel detector is called a
Field effect
89
Amplifiers perform all of the following functions except
Noise canceling
90
True or false? Amorphous selenium is a scintillator
False
91
According to bushong what percent of excited electrons return to their Normal State before digital reading
50 percent
92
Which of the following detectors uses crystalline needles
cesium iodide
93
The movement of the cassette through the reader is termed
Slow scan
94
The term turbid refers to
A and C
95
The components that focus the signal from the scintillators to the charge-couple device are called
Fiberoptics
96
When statement best describes a capacitor
It converts x-ray photons to light and stores it
97
Detector elements are formed by voltage gates that ___ at readout to ____ the flow of electrons
Are open and close; allow
98
In PACs consist of the following
1 storage device 2 display WorkStation 3 imaging modality
99
What is the universally accepted standard for exchanging medical imaging via a network. It allows the components to talk to each other.
DICOM
100
The place where records or documents are preserved for historic purposes is the
Archive
101
What term is used to describe a database that is running two identical databases simultaneously
Mirrored
102
Which of the following are true as it relates to the imaging manager
It contains the master database of all on the archive and in controls the receipt of all images
103
Which device scans an analog film and produces numeric signals based on the appearance of the film
Film digitizer
104
And Blanc is any supplemental device connected to a PACs that performs a specific function
Peripheral
105
The ultimate focus in Health Care is to improve___and provide___so that patients will want to return
Patient care; high-quality service
106
Most healthcare institutions are accredited by
Joint commission
107
Any computer that a healthcare worker uses to view a digital image is a
Display WorkStation
108
Which of the following are considered PACs architectures
1 distributed system
2 client server based system
3 web based system
109
Which PACs component interfaces with the radiology information system and the hospital information system
Image manager
110
Which of the following information might be found in the DICOM header of an image
Patient name and ordering position; Not lab results
111
Which component of the archive consists of the physical Storage Devices
Image storage and archive server; not image manager
112
The acronym for raid is
Redundant array of inexpensive disks or redundant array of independent disks
113
Which of the following terms is used when data is broken up into pieces and each disk receives a piece of data
striping
114
Which term is used to describe the process of transferring images to remote location for reading by a radiologist
Teleradiology
115
When term describes the technology that allows a film to be digitized and then analyzed by a computer to alert the radiologist of possible questionable areas on a radiograph
CAD
116
The binary code is a computer language based on___and___
Zero; one
117
A film imager is also known as a film___
Printer
118
Most QA activities produce___data
Quantitative
119
Testing performed before newly installed or majorly-repaired equipment can be operated by the department is called___testing
Acceptance
120
___is defined as a comprehensive set of activities designed to monitor and maintain systems that produce a product
Quality control
121
Which system does the acquisition modalities send their images directly to a designated workstation?
distributed
122
Which RAID level have all the data and error correction (parity) striped across all connected disks?
RAID 5
123
Which of the following are commonly used as long term storage for DICOM imager?
Digital linear tape and optical disks
124
What do dry imagers use to develop the image on the film?
heat
125
Dry imager film is more sensitive to what in comparison to conventional film?
heat and humidity
126
Errors in equipment performant are usually detected by poor
quality outcomes
127
Continuous quality improvements tend to focus on____ rather than the ____
process/people
128
QA/QC programs focus on ___ quality, whereas CQI focuses on ___ the process
maintaining/ improving
129
The SMPTE focuses on ___ quality
monitor
130
What factors might be used when determining the best type of monitor for each workstation?
Resolution, size, and monitor orientation
131
The number of pixels contained on a display is known as...
resolution
132
Which of the following is an archive storage configuration that has RAID arrays directly attached to the network?
NAS
133
What is a term that describes the act of keeping a complete copy of the archive in another remote location?
disaster recovery
134
What is most often the weakest link in the digital imaging chain?
monitor
135
a device used to measure the luminescence of areas on the monitor is called a
photometer
136
The luminescence of a monitor should be check on a ____ basis
daily
137
Which workstation might be used to print copies of images or burn images to a CD for outside use?
image management workstation
138
The ___ is used to move through images, series, studies, and patients.
navigation function
139
Which function represents the range of gray values that are being viewed on the monitor?
window
140
Which advanced function allows the user to put multiple images together into one single image, such as the scoliosis series?
stitching
141
Which RAID level is most often used in PACS archives?
RAID 5
142
Another way to distribute digital images around the hospital is
Dry/wet laser images
143
___ is the measurement of whether all images completed at the modality makes it to PACS?
Data integrity
144
What is used to reduce the size of the image file to increase the speed of the network's transfer of the images?
compression
145
The CPU is
a microprocessor found on the motherboard
146
How many bytes are used to store one alphanumeric character?
1
147
The series of connections controllers, and chips that create the information highway within the computer system is known as the
bus
148
RAM is
short term for open programs
149
Which of the following is not a commonly used mouse?
laser
150
UNIX was developed by
bell
151
Which one of the following is not considered type of computer found on network?
peer to peer
152
A handheld personal organizer of a ____ operating system.
single user; single task
153
In which network type is each computer on the network considered equal/
peer to peer
154
A network that uses a central computer that sends the entire original resource to the client is known as a ___.
server based network
155
Which of the following describes a thick client computer
a computer that works independently of the network
156
Most network interface cards plug directly into the
motherboard
157
The network layers breaks up data and
decides which network path to take
158
which of the following is not one of the 20 parts of the DICOM standard?
data thesaurus
159
PACS stands for...
Picture Archiving and Communication System
160
Someone who is trained on all aspects of PACS, prepared to educate others, and sets up ongoing training sessions...
superuser
161
Who should do the annual and acceptance testing?
physicist
162
companies that provide the outsourcing of archiving and management function for pay are called...
application server provider
163
Each sweep of the source-detector around the body during CT is called a
translation
164
CT is able to differentiate between tissues with similar densities compared with conventional due to ...
improved contrast resolution
165
4th generation CT scanners use which of the following?
only rotating tube
166
An array of numbers arranged in a grid of rows and columns is called
a matrix
167
The reference material for CT is ___ and is related to the ___ of the tissue
water; linear attenuation coefficient
168
contrast is adjusted by windowing, changing the window width, and window level. Window determines the ____
midpoint of the gray range
169
Factors that affect image quality in CT consist of
spatial resolution and noise...not contrast media
170
oral contrast for CT should be mixed so it is....
less concentration than for general examinations
171
The advantages of MSHCT are
multiphase studies, isotropic viewing, improved spatial resolution
172
Radiation dose in CT is considered to be
size dependent
173
Each CT projection is ____ as it is scanned
stored on the computer
174
The cross section anatomy is translated into ___ during CT reconstruction.
Matrix of values
175
The first generation of CT scanners used ___ detectors
one
176
the principle advantage of the 2nd generation CT scanner was...
reduced scanning time
177
3rd generation CT scanners further improved on
scanning time and scattered radiation
178
Which of the following was the first CT scanner to have the fan beam transect the patient?
3rd
179
Many CT x-ray tubes have the capacity for millions of ___with each exam
heat units
180
CT scanners operate with ___ voltage generators
high frequency
181
CT imaging has excellent ___ because of the narrow beam collimation
contrast resolution
182
The pixel size is reduced when the ___ size is increased and the ___ size is fixed.
matrix; field of view
183
The efficiency of spatial resolution in any CT imaging system is limited to the size of the
pixel
184
image noise in CT scanning can depend on...
pixel size
detector efficiency
slice thickness
185
The patient dose in CT is determined by the ____ collimator
prepatient
186
For a facility to be ACR accredited, which of the following is true?
Must meet all equipment test standards and technologist must be CT certified NOT radiologist must be general trained
187
Which CT scanner is best suited for doing cardiac studies?
6th generation
188
Good quality control measures for CT to monitor function can occur ___
daily, weekly, and biweekly
189
the terms pitch and or indexing refer to the...
table movement
190
the number assigned by the computer to indicate the density of a tissue is called the
CT number/hounsfield number
191
which of the following is not an interventional CT study?
WBC scan BUT abscess drainage, biopsy, and cyst aspiration ARE
192
Which of the following is/are a route for contrast media during a CT scan?
IV, oral, and retrograde
193
The scan diameter is also called the
field of view
194
Which of the following can cause artifaccts on a CT scan?
residual GI barium, large density differences between tissue and dental fillings
195
the 4 main quality factors are...
artifats, contrast resolution, spatial resolution, noise
196
The depth thickness in CTis also a
voxel
197
Which of the 3D techniques depict the anatomic relationship between vasculature and visccera?
VR
198
the 3D technique that provides depth perception to reconstructed images is allied...
SSD
199
which of the following filters are used in CT
bowtie
200
The time from the end of CT imaging to image appearance is called the
reconstruction
201
each pixel of information in the CT image contains numerical information in ___ units
hounsfield
202
all of the following are methods of 3D reconstruction techniques in CT except
pixel-voxel reregistration
volume rendering, maximum intensity projection and shaded surface display are
203
The CT systems ability to freeze any motion of the scanned object is termed
temporal resolution
204
CT detectors are most commonly ___ detectors
scintillation (solid state)
205
the measured x-ray transmission values is called
raw data
206
The most common reporting method of dose reporting on present scanner is
dose length product (DLP)
207
which of the following can be used as a shield in CT?
bismuth filled shield
208
What is the most common matrix size in CT?
512
209
Continuous rotation of the x-ray tube in the gantry is possible due to
slip ring technology
210
The first CT scanner was made possible through the ___ company and the ___band
EMI, Beatles
211
The advantages of multislice spira helical CT scanners are
larger detector array, decrease scan time and longer anatomy coverages
