Unit Three (Cognition + Memory) Flashcards
1
Q
Information Processing Theory
A
- Encoding-forming a memory code from basic sensory info
- Storage-maintaining info in memory over time
- Retrieval-recovering info from memory stores
2
Q
Inattentional Blindness
A
Don’t see things because you’re not paying attention
3
Q
Role of Attention
A
Involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
4
Q
Eidetic memory
A
Perfect photographic memory
5
Q
Sensory Memory
A
Preserves sensory information in its original form for a fraction of a second
6
Q
Echoic
A
Auditory memory
7
Q
Iconic
A
Visual memory
8
Q
Haptic
A
Tactile memory
9
Q
Short Term Memory
A
Limited capacity store that keeps unrehearsed information for about 20-30 seconds
10
Q
Maintenance Rehearsal
A
Remembering info indefinitely in STM (by repeating info over and over)
11
Q
Chunking
A
Organizing info into smaller, more manageable units
12
Q
Working Memory
A
Selects info from sensory memory, provides “mental workspace”, thinking
13
Q
Phonological Rehearsal Loop
A
Audio rehearsal takes place here – can hold 2 seconds of auditory info
14
Q
Acoustic Encoding
A
Conversion of info to sound patterns in working memory
15
Q
Visuospatial Sketchpad
A
Temporary ability to hold and manipulate images in your mind – involves the occipital, and frontal lobes
16
Q
Central Executive
A
Handles the info one must consider when making decisions from Sens. Memory and LTM
17
Q
Elaborative Rehearsal
A
Incorporating existing knowledge into new information
18
Q
Structural Encoding
A
Physical structure of the stimulus (faces, length of word)
19
Q
Phonemic Encoding
A
Emphasize what a word sounds like
20
Q
Semantic Encoding
A
Emphasizes the meaning of the words
21
Q
Levels of Processing
A
The deeper you process info the longer the information is retained
22
Q
Long Term Memory
A
Unlimited capacity to hold information over a lengthy period of time
23
Q
Procedural Memory
A
Skills or mental directions to complete an action (tend to be the most reliable type of memory)
24
Q
Declarative Memory
A
Personal memories, facts, events, may require conscious mental effort
25
Episodic
Internal diary of your life
26
Semantic
Warehouse of knowledge, usually with little memory of where info was originally learned
27
Prospective Memory
The ability to remember to do something in the future
28
Hippocampus
Helps in conversion of STM memory into LTM during consolidation
29
Amygdala
Helps one recall emotional memories
30
Retrograde Amnesia
Cannot recall info prior to accident due to info not being fully consolidated
31
Anterograde Amnesia
No new memories can be formed after the accident
32
Long term Potentiation
How synapses in a group of neurons strengthen to become the neural basis of learning/memory
33
Implicit Memory
When retention is exhibited on a task does not require intentional remembering (unconscious memory?)
34
Explicit Memory
Intentional recollection of previous learning
35
Retrieving Explicit Memories
Through elaborative rehearsal one remembers material in LTM better
36
Meaningful Organization
The more useful and valuable the info is considered by the working memory, the better the retrieval
37
Recall
Similar to an essay test where you remember information and express it logically
38
Recognition
Like a MC test
39
Retrieval Cues
Stimuli that are used to bring a memory into consciousness or into behavior
40
Encoding Specificity Principle
The more closely the retrieval cues match the form in which the info was encoded, the better it will be remembered
41
Context Dependent Memory
Being in the same place when the memory was encoded often aids recall
42
Mood Congruent Memory
One remembers according to their mood (if happy, remember the good times and vice versa)
43
State Dependent Memory
One remembers according to their state of consciousness (if tired, will remember times when tired)
44
Déjà Vu
"Already seen", the strange feeling that what you are experiencing has already happened
45
TOT Phenomenon
Sometimes we can't recall info because of poor match between encoding and retrieval cues or blocking
46
Transience
Impermanence of LTM and how memories seem to fade over time
47
Forgetting Curve
Most meaningless info is lost within a day, but what remains is retained with little further loss
48
Absent Mindedness
When attention is shifted sometimes we forget
49
Blocking
How we have difficult time recalling information due to competing info-three factors: similarity between 2 memories, it's meaningless info, or your emotional state
50
Proactive Interference
When old info reaches forward and disrupts new memories
51
Retroactive Interference
When new information reaches back and disrupts old memories
52
Serial Positioning Effect
How we remember info from the beginning and end of a list at the expense of the middle information
53
Primacy Effect
How we remember beginning info best
54
Recency Effect
How we recall info best when its current
55
Misattribution Effect
A memory flaw where info is recalled, but the source of the memory is not remembered accurately
56
Reality Monitoring
Are our memories from real experiences or internal sources like dream or imagination?
57
Suggestibility
Memory distortion as the result the influence of others’ ideas/expectations
58
Misinformation Effect
Form of suggestibility caused by inaccurate info, possibly with goal of deception
59
Expectancy Bias
The distortion of recalled events to make them fit one’s expectations
60
Self-Consistency Bias
Believing we are consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs when we really aren’t
61
Unwanted Persistence
When a memory cannot be discarded or becomes too powerful and dominates your life – depression can result!
62
Advantages of the 7 Sins of Memory
Our mind works to unify our experiences and discard meaningless info – some errors of thinking actually focus our thoughts on what is important
63
Method of Loci
Involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar locations
64
Natural Language Mediators
Meaningful word associations that aid memory (jingles, rhymes, acronyms, stories)
65
Innateness (Nativist) Theory
Humans are genetically predisposed to learn language
66
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Innate language learning mechanism
67
Social Communication Theory
Emphasizing the role of social interaction between the developing child and linguistically knowledgeable adults
68
Phonemes
Smallest speech unit in language that can be distinguished perceptually
69
Morphemes
Smallest unit of meaning in a language (can be words)
70
Semantics
Understanding the meaning of words and word combinations
71
Syntax (Grammar)
System of rules that state how words are arranged into sentences
72
Fast Mapping
Explains the growth in vocab – how children map a word to an underlying concept after one exposure
73
Overextension
Using a word too generally (everything round is a ball)
74
Underextension
Using a word too narrowly (there is no other doll but your favorite doll)
75
Overgeneralization
How grammatical rules are incorrectly applied (I goed home)
76
Linguistic Relativity
Language affects the nature of our thought
77
Thinking
Cognitive process using info from senses, emotions, and memory to create mental representations, such as concepts, schemas, and scripts
78
Concepts
Mental representations of items or ideas: building blocks of thought and mental organization
79
Natural Concepts
Mental representations of objects and events drawn from experience
80
Artificial Concepts
Concepts defined by rules like definitions and math formulas
81
Concept Hierarchies
Broad topics often can be divided
82
Schemas
Cluster of conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, etc.
83
Scripts (Event Schemas)
A cluster of knowledge about a sequence of events and actions, expected to occur in a particular setting
84
Conflicting Scripts
When you are confronted with two expectations of your behavior and you are unsure which to follow
85
Event-Related Potentials
Brain’s response to specific stimuli as shown on EEG
86
Confirmation Bias
ONLY accepting information that supports your established beliefs and disregarding contradictory evidence
87
Hindsight Bias
Once all the information is in, the results seem obvious, but not during the actual event
88
Anchoring Bias
Poor heuristic (learning) caused by basing(anchoring) an estimate on an unrelated quantity
89
Representative Bias
Using a prototype to judge future information (stereotypes and prejudice)
90
Gambler's Fallacy
It’s going to hit!!! My time will come!!
91
Availability Bias
Estimate probabilities based on information that can be recalled from personal experience, or perception of that reality
92
Sunk Cost Fallacy
People use things they don't like because they spend money on it
