Unit V - States of Consciousness Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What is sleep?
A
A periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
2
Q
What is the circadian rhythm?
circa = “about”
diem = “day”
A
Our bodies roughly
synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night thanks to an internal biological clock
3
Q
What does the circadian rhythm impact?
A
Sleep-wake cycles, temperature, hormonal, and digestive cycles
4
Q
How does the circadian rhythm affect our daily functioning?
A
Body temperature rises as dawn nears, peaks during the day, dips in the afternoon then drops again in the evening.
Thinking and memory improve as we approach our daily peak in circadian arousal.
Age and experience may alter our circadian rhythm.
5
Q
How do psychologists research biological rhythms that occur during sleep?
A
EEG records brain wave activity while sleeping.
Varying wave patterns occur during sleep.
6
Q
What are alpha waves?
A
Relatively slow alpha waves of awake but relaxed state
Then you slowly enter sleep
7
Q
What will be recorded as you move into sleep?
A
We seem unaware of the moment we fall into sleep, but someone watching our brain waves could tell.
Lower amplitude
8
Q
What are the two divisions of sleep stages?
A
NREM sleep
REM sleep
9
Q
What is NREM sleep?
A
non-rapid eye
movement sleep; encompasses all
sleep stages except for REM sleep
10
Q
What is REM sleep?
A
rapid eye movement
sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams
commonly occur
11
Q
What is NREM -1 stage sleep?
A
You may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations, sensation of falling or floating weightlessly, a leg or arm may jerk
12
Q
What are hypnagogic sensations?
A
Occurs during NREM-1 sleep
Imagined sensations that seems very realistic
13
Q
What is NREM -2 stage sleep?
A
Relax more deeply
Begin about 20 minutes of NREM-2 sleep
Periodic sleep spindles — bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity, and K-complexes.
Point at which you can considered asleep
14
Q
What is NREM -3 stage sleep?
A
Last stage of slow-wave sleep Last about 30 minutes Hard to awake Brain emits large, slow delta waves Causes you to miss loud noises
15
Q
How do we move through the stages of sleep in a night?
A
Cycling through sleep stages is like being
on a roller coaster.
REM increases as night progresses
16
Q
REM sleeps comes directly after…
A
NREM-2 sleep
17
Q
How does the stages of sleep progress?
A
Awake NREM-1 NREM-2 NREM-3 NREM-2 REM NREM-2 NREM-3
18
Q
What is REM sleep?
A
rapid eye movement
sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
19
Q
Why is REM sleep known as paradoxical sleep?
A
Muscles are relaxed while other body systems are active
20
Q
How do researchers study REM?
A
Using an EEG, researchers were able to see that the sleeper’s eyes moved rapidly from left to right
while emitting rapid, saw-toothed brain waves.
21
Q
What physiological events occur during REM?
A
heart rate rises
breathing becomes rapid/irregular
genitals become aroused- erection/vaginal lubrication
muscle paralysis occurs
22
Q
How does sleep change as we age?
A
As people age, sleep becomes
more fragile, with awakenings
common among older adults.
23
Q
How do biology and environment interact in our sleep patterns
A
Sleep patterns are genetically influenced, but they are also culturally influenced.
In Britain, Canada, Germany, Japan, and the United States, adults average 7 hours of sleep a night on work days, 7-8 hours on other days
24
Q
Why do American students get less sleep than their Australian counterparts?
A
earlier school start times
increased extracurricular activities
lack of parent-set (and enforced) bedtimes
25
What three environmental factors play a role in our biological ability to sleep?
Modern electric lighting
Shift work
Social media diversions
26
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm
27
In response to light, the SCN causes the brain's pineal gland to...
decrease its production of the sleep-inducing hormone melatonin in
the morning and to increase it in the evening thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.
28
How does the SCN react during the day?
Light striking retina signals SCN to suppress the pineal gland's production of sleep hormone melatonin
29
How does the SCN react at night?
At night, the SCN
quiets down, allowing the pineal
gland to release melatonin into the
bloodstream
30
What are sleep’s functions?
```
Protection
Recuperation
Restoration & Rebuilding
Feeds creative thinking
Support Growth
```
31
How does sleep provide protection?
Ancestors better off to sleep in a cave out of harm's way
| Those who didn't wander around dark cliffs were more likely to have kids
32
How does sleep provide recuperation?
Sleep helps to restore immune system and repair brain tissue
| Resting neurons time to repair while pruning unused connections
33
How does sleep provide restoration & rebuilding?
Sleep consolidates our memories by replaying recent learning
| and strengthening neural connections.
34
How does sleep feeds creative thinking?
Dreams can inspire noteworthy artistic and scientific achievements.
A complete night’s sleep gives a boost to
our thinking and learning.
35
How does sleep supports growth?
During slow-wave sleep, which occurs mostly in the first half of a night’s sleep, the pituitary gland releases human growth hormone, which is necessary for muscle development.
36
Who were two major figures in consciousness research?
William James
| Sigmund Freud
37
What did William James believe about consciousness?
James discussed a continuous “stream of consciousness,” with each moment flowing into
the next.
38
What did Sigmund Freud believe about consciousness?
Freud believed the
unconscious was a hiding place for our most anxiety-provoking ideas and emotions, and that
uncovering those hidden thoughts could lead to healing.
39
What is the place of consciousness in psychology’s history?
Early half of 20th century, study of consciousness abandoned for behaviorism
After 1960, study of mental process rebounded due to neuroscience linking brain activity to consciousness
40
What is consciousness?
Subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
| One part of dual processing of two track minds
41
What are some aspects about consciousness?
Although much of our information
| processing is conscious, more is unconscious and automatic — outside our awareness.
42
What is hypnosis?
social interaction in
which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject)
that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur.
43
Altered states of consciousness that occur spontaneously
Daydreaming
Drowsiness
Dreaming
44
Altered states of consciousness that are physiologically induced
Hallucinations
Orgasm
Food or oxygen starvation
45
Altered states of consciousness that are psychologically induced
Sensory deprivation
Hypnosis
Meditation
46
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
To some extent, we are all suggestible.
Highly hypnotizable people, about 20% of us, are usually very imaginative.
Children also make good subjects for hypnosis.
47
Can you recall forgotten events?
NOPE
Life experiences are not stored in memory banks
Memories retrieved through hypnosis combine fact with fiction
48
What is the post-hypnotic suggestion?
suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer
hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
49
How effective are post-hypnotic suggestions?
Helped to alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related anxiety and skin disorders
50
Can I be forced to act against my will?
Hypnosis can suggest to perform an action but can't force you to do something against your will
51
What is hypnotherapy
Hypnotherapists try to help patients harness their
| own healing powers.
52
What results has hypnosis brought about?
the average client whose therapy was supplemented with hypnosis showed greater improvement than 70 percent of other therapy patients.
Hypnosis seemed especially helpful for
the treatment of obesity. but not as effective to drug, alcohol, or smoking addiction
53
Can hypnosis relieve pain?
Yes
When unhypnotized people put their arm in an ice
bath, they felt intense pain within 25 seconds.
When hypnotized people did the same after being given suggestions to feel no pain, they indeed
reported feeling little pain.
54
Is hypnosis an extension of normal consciousness?
The more the individual being hypnotized likes and trusts the hypnotist, the more they allow that person to direct their attention and fantasies.
55
Is hypnosis an altered state?
Hilgard believed hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special
dual-processing state of dissociation as vivid form of everyday mind splits
56
What is dissociation?
a split between different levels of consciousness.
57
Give an example of dissociation.
Listening to a lecture or typing the end of a sentence while starting a conversation
58
How did Ernest Hilgard test hypnosis?
A hypnotized woman exhibited no pain
when her arm was placed in an ice bath.
When the same hypnotized woman was asked to press a key if some part of her felt the pain, she did
59
How do the two theories explain hypnosis?
Divided consciousness theory claims that hypnosis has caused a split in awareness
social influence theory claim that the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that the cold is ignored
60
The _________approach explains hypnosis.
biopsychosocial
61
What are some biological influences on hypnosis?
Distinctive brain activity
| Unconscious info processing
62
What are some psychological influences on hypnosis?
focused attention
expectations
heightened suggestibility
dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness
63
What are some social cultural influences on hypnosis?
Presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context
| Role playing the "good subject"
64
What is sleep loss?
Sleeping less than what is needed to properly operate
65
What are some consequences of sleep loss?
More conflicts in friendships and romantic relationships.
Predictor of depression
Increases appetite and eating
66
How does sleep loss impact our physical health?
suppression of immune cells that battle viral infections/cancer
More likely to catch a cold
Long life expectancy
67
How does sleep deprivation impact the brain?
Decreased ability to focus, process, and store memories
Increased risk of depression
Decreased metabolic rate
Decreased ability to resist temptations
68
How does sleep deprivation impact the heart?
Increased risk of high blood pressure
69
How does sleep deprivation impact the stomach?
Increase in the hunger arousing hormone, ghrelin, decrease in hunger suppressing hormone, leptin
70
How does sleep deprivation impact the muscles?
Reduced strength and slower reaction time and motor learning
71
How does sleep deprivation impact the joints?
Increased inflammation and arthritis
72
How does sleep deprivation impact the immune system?
decreased production of immune cells
| Increased risk of viral infections
73
How does sleep deprivation impact the fat cells?
Increased production and greater risk of obesity
74
How does sleep loss impact car accidents?
End of daylight saving- greater accidents due to less sleep
| Start of daylight saving- less accidents due to greater sleep
75
What are the most common sleep-wake disorders?
```
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Sleepwalking or sleep talking
Night terrors
```
76
What is insomnia?
persistent problems in either falling or staying asleep
Afflicts about 1 in 10 adults and 1 in 4 older adults
Tends to worsen with anxiety
77
What are results of insomnia
Tiredness and increased risk of depression
78
How to NOT treat insomnia
Sleeping pills and alcohol can aggravate problem and tolerance
79
What is narcolepsy?
narke-numbness
lepsis-seizure
sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness, usually lasting less than 5 minutes triggered by strong emotions
afflicts 1 in 2000
80
What is sleep apnea?
| apnea- with no breath
intermittently stop breathing during sleep.
decreased blood oxygen arouses them enough to snort in air for a few seconds, in a process that repeats hundreds of
times each night, depriving them of slow-wave sleep.
no memory of episodes
afflicts 1 in 20 people
81
What is a possible treatment for sleep apnea?
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
| machine applies mild air pressure to keep the airways open
82
What are night terrors?
```
target mostly children
sit up or walk around, talk incoherently, experience doubled heart and breathing rates, and appear terrified
while asleep
Barely recall an episode
Occurs in NREM-3
```
83
What is sleepwalking?
| somnambulism
Childhood disorder runs in families
occurs during NREM-3 sleep
Usually harmless without recollection
84
What is sleeptalking?
childhood disorders that runs in families
| Occur at any stage
85
What do we dream?
80% - at least one negative event/emotion
Common themes- failure, being attacked, rejected, or pursued, misfortune
10% of men and 30% of women- sexual content
86
What is the Freudian theory of dreams?
Dreams exist to satisfy own unconscious wishes
| provide safe place to discharge socially unacceptable feelings/urges
87
What is a dream's manifest content?
What we remember we dreamed
88
What is a dream's latent content?
Unconscious drives and wishes(erotic) that would be threatening if directly expressed
89
Manifest content is ________, ______ version of latent content
censored & symbolic
90
What is example of Freudian theory of dreams?
Gun = disguised representation of penis
91
What is the information-processing theory of dreams?
Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences in our memory.
Link between REM sleep and memory exists
92
Does sleep increases learning?
YES
| high school students with high grades slept about 25 minutes longer each night than their lower-achieving classmates.
93
What is the physiological function theory of dreams?
May provide brain with periodic stimulation
| Infants spend most sleep time in REM sleep-development of brain
94
How does sleep and dreaming change as we age?
During our first few months, we spend progressively
| less time in REM sleep. During our first 20 years, we spend progressively less time asleep.
95
What is the activation synthesis theory of dreams?
dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity.
Dreams erupt from neural activation spreading upward from the brainstem.
96
What is the cognitive development theory of dreams?
brain maturation and cognitive development.
overlap with cognition and feature coherent speech
simulate reality
Viewed as intensified mind wandering, enhanced by visual imagery
97
What are the 5 types of dream theories?
```
Freudian
Activation-synthesis
Information processing
Cognitive development
Physiological function
```
98
What is REM rebound?
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.
Deeply biological
occur only in mammals whose behavior is influenced by learning
99
What are psychoactive drugs?
chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods
100
What is substance abuse disorder?
disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk
101
What is tolerance?
diminishing effect
with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to
take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect
102
What is addiction?
primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry
103
How is addiction characterized?
inability to abstain consistently
impairment in behavioral control
diminished recognition of behavioral problems
Dysfunctional emotional response
104
Despite the adverse consequences of using the drug, people in the grip of addiction ____ the drug more than they ____ the drug.
want
| like
105
How can tolerance lead to a substance abuse disorder?
neuroadaptation - brain chemistry changes to offset effects of drug
larger and larger doses required- increased risk of addiction
106
What is withdrawal?
the discomfort and
distress that follow discontinuing
an addictive drug or behavior
107
How has the concept of addiction changed?
Certain behaviors- compulsive/dysfunctional like problematic alcohol and drug use
Other behaviors require more study
108
What are the three major categories of psychoactive drugs?
Depressants
Stimulants
hallucinogens
109
What are depressants?
Drugs that reduce neural activity/ slow body functions
110
What is alcohol?
CNS depressant - slow down neural activity in brain/ spinal cord
111
How does alcohol interact with neurotransmitters?
GABA-inhibitory
glutamate- excitatory
both interact to produce the effects
112
When alcohol enters the body, it acts as an _______ with ______ receptors making them more inhibitory.
agonist
| inhibitory
113
Alcohol acts as an ________ to _________ receptors and prevents _______ from exciting the cell.
antagonist
| glutamate
114
How does alcohol use disorder change the structure of the brain?
MRI scans show brain shrinkage(enlarged ventricles) in women
115
How does alcohol impair reaction time?
slowed neural processing causes slow reactions, slurred speech , and deteriorating skilled performance
116
What does research show about human’s awareness of drunken states?
When drunk, people aren’t aware how drunk they are.
Sober people who claim not to drive home under alcoholic consumption almost always do
117
How does alcohol impair memory and self-awareness?
Memory disruption
| Reduced self-awareness
118
How can alcohol cause memory disruption?
Alcohol suppresses REM sleep, which is needed for memory consolidation.
119
How does alcohol cause memory disruption?
People who want to suppress their awareness of failures or shortcomings are more likely to drink
More likely to be caught mind-wandering without realization
120
What are expectancy effects?
Expectations influence behavior.
Believing we are consuming alcohol can cause us to act out on presumed influence
121
What are barbiturates?
drugs that depress
| central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
122
What are examples of barbiturates and their effects?
Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal
| prescribed to induce sleep/reduce anxiety
123
How can barbiturates be harmful?
Large doses cause impaired memory/judgement
| Combined with alcohol to cuase lethal impact
124
What are opiates?
depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
125
What are signs of opiate usages?
constricted pupils
slow breathing
lethargic
126
Examples of opiates
Heroin
| Morphine
127
How can an opiate addiction lead to death?
Overdose due to tolerance
128
What occurs when brain is consistently flooded with opiates?
halt production of endorphins
| Withdrawal causes lack of normal level of painkilling neurotransmitters
129
What are stimulants?
Drugs that excite neural activity/speed up body functions
130
Examples of stimulants
```
caffeine
nicotine
cocaine
amphetamines
methamphetamine
ecstasy
```
131
Why use stimulants?
feel alert
lose weight
boost mood
athletic performance
132
What is nicotine?
a stimulating and highly
| addictive psychoactive drug found in tobacco
133
Example of tabacoo products
```
Cigarettes
cigars
chewing
pipe
snuff
vapes
```
134
Research on tobacco use
decreased life expectancy
| in 2030, nearly one billion twenty first century may be killed by tobacco
135
How teens keep the cigarette industry in business.
Virtually no one smokes beyond teenage yeats
| Companies target teens for business- portrayals in popular movies
136
What are the physiological effects of nicotine?
```
Reaches brain within 7 seconds- twice as quickly as heroin
Increased heart rate/blood pressure
Reduced circulation
Relaxed muscles
Reduce stress
Suppresses carbohydrates
Aroused brain
```
137
What is cocaine?
powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
138
How can cocaine be consumed?
Snorted, injected, or smoked
139
What happens when cocaine enter your blood stream?
Producing rush of euphoria depleting dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
140
How does cocaine impact normal neural transmission?
bind to absorption sites
blocks re uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
141
How does blocking re-uptake produce euphoria?
Extra neurotransmitter remain intensifying normal mood-altering effect
142
What is methamphetamine
Extremely addictive drug stimulates CNS
Accelerated body functions/ energy & mood changes
Reduce baseline dopamine levels
143
Meth's aftereffects
irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression, violent outburst
144
What physical changes result with methamphetamine use?
Accelerated aging
145
What is Ecstasy(MDMA)?
synthetic stimulant/mild hallucinogen
146
Effects of ecstasy
Euphoria
social intimacy
Risks to serotonin-producing neurons
Risks to mood and cognition
147
How does Ecstasy (MDMA) work?
amphetamine derivative
triggers dopamine release
Released stored serotonin/block reuptake
148
Research on Ecstasy
```
Dehydrating effect
Decreased serotonin output
Increased risk of depressed mood
Suppressed immune system
Slows thought
Disrupted sleep
```
149
What are hallucinogens?
Psychedelic drugs
| that distort perceptions/ evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input
150
What are hallucinations?
distorted perceptions and sensory images in the absence of sensory
input
151
What are near-death experiences?
an altered state of consciousness
| reported after a close brush with death similar to hallicinations
152
What is LSD?
powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
153
LSD's impact on emotions
Varying emotions- euphoria to panic
154
What is marijuana?
Classified as mild hallucinogen
amplified sensitivity to sensory info
Euphoria
155
What is THC?
Psychoactive ingredient in marijuana
| Can be smoked or eaten
