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AP Euro > Unit XI > Flashcards

Unit XI Flashcards

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0
Q

What is “normalcy”?

A

The “normal” military and industrial power and economic and social life couldn’t be reestablished after WWI

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1
Q

What was the revision of the Paris Settlement?

A

Minority national groups felt they had been treated unjustly. Demanded more border adjustments. France believed treaty wasn’t being enforced. Caused political turmoil across Europe.

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2
Q

What were some changes in the labor force after WWI?

A

Unions supported the war and ensured labor peace for production during the war. Received better wages, leaders admitted to high political councils. Nationalism of the pre-war labor movement had been destroyed. Became one of the most important changes of WWI

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3
Q

What were some of the market changes following WWI?

A

European transport facilities, mines, and industries were destroyed. Russia basically withdrew from economic order. Most states had extremely weak economies. There were new customs barriers.

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4
Q

How did the trade system change following WWI?

A

Division of European states broke the trade region encompassed by Germany and Austria-Hungary. US less dependent on European production, became major competitor. European dominance over the world was slowly weakening.

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5
Q

What is war communism?

A

Red Army suppressed internal and foreign military opposition to new govt. Used secret police. Economics: confiscated and ran banks, transport system, and heavy industry. Political and economic admin. centralized. Seized grain to feed army and workers. Repressed sources of opposition. Aided victory of Red Army.

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6
Q

Who was Leon Trotsky?

A

He was the organizational director of the Red Army in WWI.

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7
Q

What is the Red Army?

A

Russian army led by Leon Trotsky that suppressed internal and foreign military opposition to new govt,

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8
Q

What was the White Army?

A

Fought the Red Army, couldn’t defeat Bolsheviks, even with Allied help.

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9
Q

What is the Cheka?

A

The secret police force used in Russia under the rule of the Bolsheviks.

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10
Q

What is the New Economic Policy (NEP)?

A

The “commanding heights” of banking, heavy industry, transportation, international commerce. Govt tolerated private enterprise. Peasants could farm for profit, could sell grain on open market. Not fully successful because peasants couldn’t buy anything with the money they earned from selling grain.

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11
Q

Stalin vs Trotsky

A

After Lenin’s stroke, two factions of the Communist Party emerged. One led by Trotsky and the other by Stalin. Trotsky, speaking for the left wing, urged rapid industrialization financed by farm productions. Also argued that Russia needed the skills and wealth of other nations to build its own. Stalin was more brutal that Trotsky. Right wing opposed rapid industrialization, wanted slower industrialization. Economic policy based on planning and tolerating modest free enterprise and small landholdings.

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12
Q

Left wing vs Right wing

A

Left wing led by Trotsky, Right wing led by Stalin. Had very different views on Russia’s path toward industrialization and the future of the communist revolutionary movement.

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13
Q

What was the “Pravda”?

A

Written by the chief ideological voice for the right wing, Nikolai Bukharin. It was the official party newspaper.

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14
Q

What is meant by “socialism in one country”?

A

Meant that socialism could be achieved in Russia alone, they didn’t need the support or wealth or skills of another country. Russia didn’t depend on the fate of other revolutions. This idea was supported by Stalin. Led Stalin to remove Trotsky from all offices, expel him from the party, and exile him to Siberia. Trotsky eventually murdered in 1940 by Stalins agent.

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15
Q

Who was Nikolai Bukharin?

A

He was the editor of the Pravda, the right wing’s official newspaper. His position on economic was heavily supported by Stalin.

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16
Q

What is the Third International?

A

Also called the Comintern. Wanted to make the Bolshevik model of socialism the rule for all socialist parties outside the Soviet Union. Proposed its Twenty-one Conditions.

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17
Q

What is the Comintern?

A

Another word, more commonly used, for The Third International.

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18
Q

What were the Twenty-One Conditions?

A

Imposed by the Comintern, for any socialist party that wished to join it. Acknowledged Moscow’s leadership, rejected reformist or revisionist socialism, repudiates previous socialist leaders, adopted Communist Party name. Caused the Comintern to destroy democratic socialism. Other European socialist parties couldn’t decide whether to accept these or not.

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19
Q

What was Communism and the Family?

A

A book written by Alexandra Kollontai. Envisioned new kind of family that liberated men and women. Supported sexual freedom, sharing of household tasks between men and women. Wanted to replace egoistic, exploitative family relationships with families based on love and comradeship.

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20
Q

What were fascists?

A

Described right wing dictatorships that arose across Europe. Fascists were anti democratic, anti-Marxist, antiparliamentary, and anti-Semitic. Claimed to hold back Bolshevism. Single-party dictatorships using terrorism and police surveillance.

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21
Q

Who was Benito Mussolini?

A

He was the leader of the fascist movement in Italy. He was the first leader of fascism.

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22
Q

What were the goals of Fascists?

A

Wanted to make world safe for small business owners, middle class, owners of moderate amounts of property, and small farmers. Rejected political inheritance of French Revolution and nineteenth century liberalism. Wanted to overcome class conflict of Marxism and party conflict of liberalism by uniting various groups and classes within the nation.

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23
Q

What was the Fasci di Combattimento?

A

Meant “bands of combat”, founded in 1919 in Milan. Members were mostly Italian war veterans who felt that Paris conference cheated Italy of their fruits of victory. Resented Italy’s failure to gain Fiume. Feared spread of socialism and the effects of inflation within Italy. Their leader was Benito Mussolini.

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24
What was the Avanti?
Mussolini was the editor of this socialist newspaper in 1912 before being the leader of the Fasci di Combattimento. He lost his editorship at Avanti because of his interventionist position.
25
What was the Il Popola d'Italia?
After being fired from the Avanti, Mussolini started his own newspaper.
26
Who was Gabriele D'Annunzio?
Felt like Italy hadn't been tested as a great power at the peace conference. He was an extreme nationalist writer. Seized Fuime in 1919 w/ a group of patriotic Italians. His use of force embarrassed the Italian government and made it appear less patriotic.
27
What did the Socialist Party do between 1919 and 1921?
Captured a plurality of seats in he lower house of the Italian parliament (the Chamber of Deputies) in 1919 election.
28
What was the March on Rome?
Mussolini and thirty-four of his followers were sent to the Chamber of Deputies. Dressed in their characteristic black shirts, they began a March on Rome, soon becoming the Black Shirt March. Mussolini soon became prime minister of Italy, making the March a famous moment in fascist history.
29
What did King Victor Emmanuel III do in the March on Rome?
He refused to sign a decree that would have made the army stop the marchers because of personal and political concerns.
30
How did the fascist party use terror tactics?
Fascists in charge of the police force, terrorist squads became a govt militia. They murdered Giacomo Matteotti, who had persistently criticized Mussolini and exposed the fascist movement for their criminality.
31
How did Italy become a single party state?
Because Mussolini had a large amount of fascists in the government, they received 2/3 of the seats in the chamber. Soon, all the seats were won by fascists, giving them complete control of the Chamber of Deputies. In 1926, all other political parties were dissolved.
32
What did the Lateran Accord of 1929 do?
It made peace between the Roman Catholic Church and the Italian state. The pope was the temporal ruler of the independent state of Vatican City. Italian govt agreed to pay and indemnity to the papacy. Catholicism recognized as the official religion, the church property was exempt from taxes, the church law was allowed to govern marriage. Brought more respectability to Mussolinis regime.
33
What was motherhood like in fascist Italy?
Women encouraged to have more children and to remain in the home. They created maternity leaves, insurance, subsidies to large families, and the dissemination of information about sound child-rearing practices. Outlawed contraception and abortion, making it difficult for women to limit their families.
34
What was the "Blue Horizon Chamber"?
It was the many military officers that we're dressing in their blue uniforms that had been elected into the Chamber of Deputies.
35
What was the Little Entente?
Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia formed the Little Entente because they all had the most to lose if there was a revision in the Versailles treaty. France made military alliances with these states. Their main target was Hungary.
36
What was the Rapallo agreement?
Because of the Little Entente, Germany and the Soviet Union felt and sense of danger and isolation. The agreement established diplomatic and economic relations. It is believed that there was secret political/military clauses. The agreement confirmed French belief that Germany wouldn't hold up their side of the Versailles treaty.
37
Who was Raymond Poincaré?
He was the nationalistic prime minister of France, he forced the Germans to comply to their side of the treaty. In 1923, France sent troops to Ruhr, the mining district in the Rhineland. The French ended up winning, but their victory was costly. The cost of the Ruhr occupation made the French inflation increase.
38
What was the Cartel des Gauches?
It was a new cabinet recognized by the Soviet Union, adopted a conciliatory policy toward Germany.
39
Who was Edouard Herriot?
Leader of the Cartel des Gauches
40
Who was Aristide Briand?
He worked out the policy toward Germany, he was the foreign minister for the remainder of the decade. He championed the League of Nations and tried to persuade France that their military power didn't give them unlimited influence over Europe.
41
Who was Herbert Asquith?
He was the liberal prime minister of GB and presided over the cabinet until 1916
42
Who was David Lloyd George?
He replaced Herbert Asquith when disagreements over war management developed. Maintained coalition through tasks of the peace conference and domestic reconstruction.
43
Why was there depression in the "dole"?
Unemployment rates were always high and there was never less than 1 million without jobs. Insurance programs had to be expanded.
44
Who was Ramsay MacDonald?
He was asked by King George V to form he first Labour ministry in British history.
45
What was the Labour Party?
They didn't serve in the cabinet but they had a working majority in the House of Commons. It was socialistic in its platform but mostly democratic and nonrevolutionary. Planned for extensive social reform.
46
What was the gold standard?
It was the basis for international trade. Went back to the prewar conditions for trade.
47
What was India and the Congress Party?
Led by Mohandas Gandhi, attracted widespread support. British talked about eventual self-government for India. India achieved the right to impose tariffs to protect its own industry. The British no longer had free access to the Indian market.
48
What was the Irish Home Bill?
It passed parliament in 1914 but was postponed until after the war. But the Irish couldn't wait any longer.
49
What is Easter Monday?
It was a nationalist uprising in Dublin, the only one ever to be done on a government that was engaged in war. It was suppressed but the Irish nationalist leaders were executed by the British.
50
What was the Sinn Fein?
The Irish created their own political party instead of having the Irish Party in parliament. Sinn Fein means "Ourselves Alone". They won all but 4 of the Irish parliamentary seats outside of Ulster.
51
What was the Dail Eireann?
Since the Irish refused to go to parliament in Westminster, they started the Dáil Éireann, meaning Irish Parliament. In 1929, they declared Irish independence.
52
What was the Irish Republican Army?
This was the military wing of the Sinn Fein. A war broke out between the IRA and the British. Brits supported by auxiliaries known as Blacks and Tans. There was hatred on both sides.
53
What was the Irish Free State?
Late 1921, the two govts began secret negotiations. The Irish Free State took its place beside the earlier dominions in the British Commonwealth: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Northern Ireland was permitted to remain part of what is called the UK of GB and Northern Ireland.
54
What was the Irish civil war?
Between the moderate and diehards. The moderates supported the treaty, diehards wanted to abolish the oath to the British monarch and establish a whole new republic. Continued until 1923. De Valera supported the diehards and resigned the presidency and organized resistance to the treaty. He was elected president again in 1923. Next year, the Dáil Éireann abolished oath of allegiance to the monarch.
55
Who were the successor states?
Germany, Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and others.
56
What were the problems of the successor states?
Challenged to make a new parliamentary govt. They all had many postwar economic difficulties. They didn't have strong economies. None were financially independent. Most couldn't trade with each other so they had to depend on trade with Germany. They were all poor and rural nations in an industrialized world.
57
Poland: postwar
Nationalism proved to be an insufficient bond to overcome political disagreements. Ukrainians, Jewish, Lithuanian, and German minorities distrusted the Polish govt. Poland was different in all regions.
58
Who was Marshal Josef Pilsudski?
Carried out a military coup in Poland. He ruled until his death, and after the govt was passed into the hands of his military followers.
59
Czechoslovakia: postwar
Had a strong industrial base, a substantial middle class, and a tradition of liberal values. There were still tensions between the Czechs and the Slovaks. There was discontent among other non-Czech national groups.
60
Who was Thomas Masaryk?
He was the leader of Czechoslovakia. He had lots of integrity and fairness. He helped the country have a chance and becoming a modern nation-state.
61
Hungary: postwar
It became separated from Austria after the war. Hungarian Soviet Republic created in 1919. Deeply resented territory lost in Paris settlement. Hungarian economy suffered from stagnation.
62
Who is Bela Kun?
A communist, created the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic. Received socialist support. After collapse, many Hungarians were executed. Kun fled to Russia where Stalin later killed him.
63
Who was Count Stephen Bethlen?
Ruler of the 1920s in Hungary. Presided over a parliamentary govt in form, but aristocratic in character.
64
Austria: postwar
Paris settlement forbade union w/ Germany. A quarter of Austrians lived in Vienna. Austria was a little better off than the other successor states.
65
Who were the conservative Christian socialists?
They would always fight for power with the leftist Social Democrats in the 1920s in Austria. Employed small armies to terrorize their opponents and to impress followers.
66
Who was Kurt Von Schuschnigg?
Was the successor of Christian Socialist Engelbert Dollfuss. He presided over Austria until it was annexed by Hitler in 1938.
67
Yugoslavia: postwar
Became known as the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Founded by the Corfu Agreement of 1917.
68
What was the Corfu Agreement?
Founded Yugoslavia in 1917.
69
What were the Serbs like in Yugoslavia?
Dominated interwar govt in Yugoslavia. Always fought for power with the Croats. Serbs had an independent state army. Serbs were orthodox, less educated, considered corrupt.
70
What were the Croats like in Yugoslavia?
Fought for power over Yugoslavia. Roman-Catholic, better educated and accustomed to an incorrupt form of govt.
71
Who was King Alexander I?
A clash of nationalities led to a royal dictatorship in 1929 under King Alexander I. Outlawed political parties and jailed popular politicians. Assassinated in 1934 but authoritarian govt continued under his son.
72
What was the Weimar Republic?
Born bc of the defeat of the imperial army, Revolution of 1918 against the Hohenzollerns, and the hopes of German liberals and social democrats. Govt required to fulfill economic and military provisions of the Paris settlement.
73
What were the flaws of the Weimar Republic?
It provides for proportional representation for all elections. Small parties could gain seats in the Reichstag. President appointed and removed chancellors. Article 48.
74
What was Article 48?
Allowed the president to rule by decree in an emergency. Permitted a temporary presidential dictatorship.
75
What was the lack of support in the Weimar Republic?
Weimar didn't demand the loyalty of citizens. Important figures favored constitutional monarchies. Teachers, civil servants, and judges served the kaiser and the empire. Officer corps was deeply suspicious of the government and resentful of the military provisions of the peace settlement.
76
What was the Kapp Putsch?
Meant "armed insurrection", erupted in Berlin in 1920. Led by conservative civil servant. Putsch collapsed after govt fled the city and German workers carried out a strike.
77
What was the Allies reparations bill?
In 1921, Allies presented a bill for 132 billion gold marks. German republic accepted demand because of threats of occupation.
78
What was inflation like in Germany?
Inflation brought on major crisis. Postwar deficit created a major rise in prices. Prices couldn't settle until reparations were solved.
79
What was the French invasion of the Ruhr?
It produced cataclysmic inflation. Unemployment spread everywhere in the nation. Social and economic consequences were disastrous for Germans. For union workers and farmers, inflation wasn't as much of a problem.
80
Who was Adolf Hitler?
Born the son of a minor Austrian customs official. Couldn't get into art school, became acquainted with the Christian social party in Vienna. Absorbed German nationalism, racism, and extreme anti-Semitism. He hated Marxism which associated with Jews. Became associated with the Nazis
81
Who were the Nazis?
Paraded a red and white banner with a black swastika. Sued the Twenty Five Points bc they wanted repudiation of Versailles treaty, unification of Germany and Austria, the exclusion of Jews, etc. Called for a program of nationalization, wanted to compete directly with Marxists.
82
What was Nazi Socialism?
Redefined socialism to suggest a nationalistic outlook. It meant the subordination of all economic enterprise o the welfare of the nation. Implied protection for small economic enterprises. Nazis found support from war veterans, who faced economic and social displacement.
83
What was the SA?
Meant sturmabtielung. Organized under captain Ernst Roehm. Paramilitary organization providing food and uniforms and paid them. Adopted famous brown-shirt uniform. They were the chief nazi instrument for terror and intimidation. Represented widespread contempt for the law. Nobody could take over the SA.v
84
Who was Ernst Roehm?
He was the leader of the SA.
85
What was the Beer Hall Putsch?
Hitler attempted a putsch from a beer hall in Munich. Hitler was arrested and tried for treason. Convicted to 5 years in prison, but was paroled after a few months.
86
What was Mein Kampf?
Written by Hitler. Outlined key political views, included a fierce racial antisemitism. Thought Germany needed to expand into Poland and Ukraine.
87
Who was Gustav Stresemann?
Reconstructed the republic and gave it a sense of self confidence. Abandoned policy of passive resistance in Ruhr. Introduced a new German currency. Supported the crushing of Hitlers putsch and smaller communist disturbances.
88
What was a Rentenmark?
It was the new currency made by Stresemann. It was one trillion of the old German marks for one of the Rentenmarks.
89
What was the Dawes Plan?
Lowered annual payments and allowed them to vary according to the fortunes of the German economy.
90
Who was Paul Von Hindenburg?
Military hero and conservative monarchist. Elected as Friedrich Elbert's successor in 1924. Governed in strict accordance to the constitution.
91
What was the Locarno pact?
France and Germany accepted the western frontier established at Paris as legitimate. Britain and Italy agreed to intervene against whichever side violated the frontier. Germans signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, France strengthened ties with Little Entente. Everybody was pleased with Locarno.
92
Who was Austen Chamberlain?
Foreign secretary for Britain and Accepted Stresemanns proposal for a fresh start, starting the Locarno pact.
93
What was the Young Plan?
Replaced the Dawes Plan after it expired. Named after American business man. Lowered German reparation payments, put a limit on how long they were made, removed Germany from outside supervision and control.

AP Euro (1 decks)

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