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psychology > unit1 aos1- development > Flashcards

unit1 aos1- development Flashcards

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1
Q

Approaches over time to understanding the role of the brain

A

Brain versus heart debate
mind-body problem
phrenology

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2
Q

Brain versus heart debate - hypothesis

A

Brain hypothesis: thoughts and feelings are rooted in the brain

and vice versa for the heart

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3
Q

Phrenology

A

Phrenology explored the relationship between the skull surface features and an individuals personality characteristics

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4
Q

Brain ablation experiments

A

Involves disabling destroying or removing selected brain tissue followed by an assessment of subsequent changes in behaviour

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5
Q

First brain experiments

A

Brain ablation
electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
split brain studies

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6
Q

Computerised tomography(CT)

A

Produces a computer enhanced image of a cross-section from x-rays taken it different angles

used to locate structural brain abnormalities

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7
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of CT

A

Adv- allows for comparison b/w normal and abnormal brain
relatively non-invasive
Disadv- only structure not function
not recommended for pregnant women as radiation could lead to damage to unborn child

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8
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

glucose (radioactive) is injected into bloodstream which travels to the brain and emits radioactive signals which are detected and processed by PET computer

different colours equal different energy levels
functional

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9
Q

Adventures and disadvantages of PET

A

Adv- easy to interpret colour levels
displays detailed images of a functioning brain
Disadv-requires injection
use of radioactivity = longitudinal studies can be dangerous
need 40 seconds to rest between each 30 seconds scanned which could lead to miss rapid changes in brain function

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10
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging MRI

A

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to vibrate the brain’s neurons and produce an image

structural

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11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of an MRI

A

Adv-clearer and more detailed than CT
not invasive
no x-rays or radiation involved
Disadv- only shows structure not function
cannot be used on people with internal metallic devices

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12
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI

A

alike MRI, but Detects changes in oxygen levels in blood to show level of functioning neurons ( function)

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13
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of an fMRI

A

Adv-no exposure to radiation
detailed images of brain functioning
structure and function
can detect if change in function in rapid succession
Disadv- same as MRI regarding metallic devices
expensive and limited access

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14
Q

Electroencephalograph EEG

A

Detects amplifies and records general patterns of electrical activity within the brain

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15
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of an EEG

A

Adv-provides overall info about brain without being invasive
used to study patterns of activity over a long length of time
shows different brainwaves for different activity and useful for studying hemispheric specialisation
Disadv- doesn’t provide detailed information regarding structure
difficult to pinpoint specific areas of activity
unable to distinguish a response from background noise neural activity
only provides a summary of neural activity

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16
Q

Draw the nervous system layout

A

NS
CNS PNS
brain spinal c. Autonomic. Somatic
Sympathetic parasympathetic sensory info voluntary
skeletal muscles

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17
Q

CNS

A

Contains brain and spinal cord

processes sensory info to activate appropriate actions

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18
Q

PNS

A

Consists of all the nerves outside the CNS

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19
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Transmit sensory info to the CNS and carries out it’s motor commands

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20
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Responsible for automatic responses

carries information to internal bodily structures e.g. heart the carry out basic life functions

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Readies the body for fight or flight response when it’s exposed to threats

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22
Q

Examples of sympathetic nervous system responses

A

Slows digestion
increase heart rate
dilate pupils
Diverts blood from stomach to muscles

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23
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Supports more routine activities that maintain the body store of energy

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24
Q

Examples of parasympathetic nervous system function

A 
Heart rate lowers
 blood pressure lowers 
pupils constrict 
stop sweating 
digestion increases 
bladder control again
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25
what are neurons?
cells that make up the NS. they carry info in the form of an electrical impulse
26
draw and label a neuron
``` dendrites soma myelin sheath axon axon terminals terminal buttons/ synaptic knobs ```
27
sensory/ afferent neurons
sense the external world and monitor changes within our bodies transmit info from sensory receptors to the brain
28
motor/efferent neurons
carry messages from CNS to the cells in skeletal muscles, organs and glands to stimulate activity
29
interneurons
act as a link b/w sens and mot neurons, relaying info from one neuron to another
30
glial cells
provide the structural framework that enables a network of neurons to remian connected
31
types of glial cells AMO-SS
CNS astrocytes microglia oligodendroglia PNS schwann cells satellite cells
32
brain areas memory cue
Hermoine Completes Maths Problems Hindbrain- Cerebellum, Medulla, Pons Muddlehead Ron midbrain- RAS Forgets How To Calculate forebrain- hypo, thal, cerebrum
33
hindbrain
found at base of brain contains Cerebellum, medulla and pons
34
medulla
controls reflexive functions vital for survival eg breathing pulse
35
damage to medulla
death
36
the pons
connects top on spinal cord to brain. involved in sleep, dreaming and arousal. has a bridge function b/w cerebrum and cerebellum regulates respiratory system
37
damage to pons
locked in syndrome- body paralysed but functioning brain
38
cerebellum
coordination of fine muscle movement relates to posture and balance. also plays a role in speech
39
damage to cerebellum
poor balance and coordination
40
midbrain
a collection of structures involved with movement, processing of sensory info, sleep and arousal RAS and reticular formation
41
reticular formation
filters incoming sensory info maintains consciousness, regulates arousal and muscle tension
42
reticular activating system (RAS)
arousal. attention rapidly alerting cortical areas of the brain to significant changes in the environment
43
damage to RAS
coma, difficulties with attention, difficulties in sleep/ wake cycle
44
fore brain
controls and regulates higher order functions eg personality, learning perception and cognitive functions hypothalamus thalamus cerebrum
45
hypothalamus
maintains bodies' internal environment (homeostasis) eg body temp, thirst , hunger, sexual functioning
46
damage to hypothal
eating problems (either over eat or starve)
47
thalamus
filters and transfers sensory info ( except smell) to specialised area of the brain for processing.
48
damage to thalamus
loss of any sense (except smell), attention difficulties b/c no filter, increased lethargy from difficulty sleeping
49
cerebral cortex
top layer of cerebrum receiving and processing sensory info and initiating motor responses
50
contralateral functions
each hemisphere controls opposite side of the body
51
left hemispere
logic, language, speaking ( broca and wernicke) and analytical thinking
52
right hemisphere
spacial awareness, recognition of objects, creative aspects
53
frontal lobe
high order functions eg decison making, planning, emotions, reasoning
54
damage to frontal lobe
inability to express lang (Broca's asphasia) changes in personality (Finneas Gage) and diff problem solving
55
parietal lobe
processes sensory info, orientation. types of recognition and memory
56
somatosensory cortex
recieves and processes sensory info from skin and body
57
damage to parietal lobe
difficult. drawing objects, diff distinguishing left from right diff reading (alexia )
58
occipital lobe
concerned with processing info from eyes including vision, colour, shape and perspective
59
damage to occipital
diff identifying colours, hallucinatons, diff reading and writing
60
temporal lobe
processes auditory info. also involved in memory and encoding faces
61
brocas area
production of clear and articulated speech
62
wernickes area
comprehension of speech
63
primary auditory cortex left and right
l- involved in receiving and processing verbal auditory info eg lyrics to song r- involved in receiving and processing non-verbal auditory info eg melody of a song
64
damage to temp
impaired long term memory, persistant talking, diff recognising faces
65
brocas aphasia
impairment in lang prodution or comprehension brought about by neurological damage speech is nonfluent but speech comprehension and perception is not affected
66
Wernickes aphasias
defecits in comprehension of lang speech is fluent but might not make sense to listeners of themselves
67
stages of neural commuication
resting potential threshold depolarisation repolarisation
68
resting potential
sodium outside, pottassium inside, pos outside ,neg inside SOPI PONI -70mV
69
threshold
-55mV nuerotrans bind to receptor sites at dendrites -> all or nothing event sodium channels open
70
depolarisation
+30-+40mV action potential -> sodium channels open which causes sodium to flood the cell. as sodium is positive the inside of the neuron becomes positive
71
repolarisation
potassium channels open, pot rushes out of cell which causes sod to be pumped out of the cell
72
neural plasticity
the manner in which the brain changes in response to stimulation of the environment
73
developmental plasticity
changes in the brain's neural structure during its growth and development
74
key processes in neural plasticity
``` proliferation migration circuit formation synaptic pruning- removal of unused neural connections mylination- development of myelin ```
75
frontal lobe development
ages 16-20
76
sensitive period
period of time when an organism is more responsive to certain stimulus
77
critical period
narrow period of time where development in an animal is preprogrammed for learning to occur
78
adaptive plasticity
new synaptic connections are formed as a result of one or more of the following brain injury, change in environmental conditions, learning new concepts
79
key processes of adaptive plasticity
rerouting and sprouting
80
rerouting
neurons near damaged area seek new connections with healthy neurons
81
sprouting
new dendrites grow to enable new connections b/w neurons
82
parkinson's disease
a neurodegenerative disease in which neurons at the Substantia Nigara degenerate and gradually cease to function normally
83
causes of parkinsons diease
decreased dop producting neurons in Substantia nigra lack of dopamine-> tremors and difficulty initiating movement
84
role of the basal ganglia
regulates movement
85
motor symptoms of PD
muscle rigidity difficulty balancing stooped posture tremors
86
nonmotor symptoms of PD
``` fatigue constipation increased sensitivity to temperature decreased sense of smell mental health problems eg depression ```
87
treatment for PD
medication
88
levodopa PD
chemical converted to dop by neurons
89
deep brain stimulation
electrically stimulate Basal Ganglia
90
two types of neurotr
excitatory | inhibitory
91
glutamate
the major excitatory nt in the brain. associated with cognition, memory, learning, behaviour, movement and sensations
92
too much glutamate
abnormal neural development or neurodegenerative diseases eg parkinsons
93
GABA
inhibitory- makes the post syn neuron less likely to fire. slows neural transmissions
94
lock and key process
specific receptor sites are specially designed to only bind with certain neurotr
95
agonists
substances that increase the release of neurotr or imitating their functioning making their effect of the post synaptic neuron more likely to occur
96
antagonist
a substance that inhibits the relase of nuerotr or blocks receptor sites making it less likely to respond to a neurotra
97
synaptogenesis
existing synapses are strengthened, moulded or new ones are formed
98
during learning
glutamate is released into the presynaptic neuron
99
hebbian learning
learning results from the creation of neural pathways
100
hebbian learning quote
'neurons that fire together, wire together'
101
long term potentiation
long lasting strengthening of synaptic connections resulting in r more effective neurotransmission across the synapse making the post synaptic neuron more likely to fire.
102
long term depreciation
process of a long lasting weakening of synaptic connections, in which the post syn neuron becomes less responsive to the info from the pre s neuron
103
eg of agonist
morphene
104
eg of antagonist
snake venom
105
Flourens
Credited as introducing brain ablation experiments ​ Found evidence for neural plasticity Limitations -Did not provide detailed reports of findings – issues surrounding reliability ​
106
Lashley
Used brain ablation on rats, monkeys and chimpanzees to find the location of learning and memory in the brain. ​ mass action equipotentiality
107
mass action
large areas of the brain function as a whole for complex functions (if part of brain is destroyed , loss of function will depend on amount of destroyed cortex)​
108
equipotentiality
healthy part of the cortex can take over the function of an injured part (plasticity) ​
109
moniz
developed lobotomies neg side effects= Reduction in cognitive processes and behaviour. ​ Lack of emotional expression​ Reduction in interest and energy ​ Personalities appeared ‘dull’ and lifeless. ​
110
microglia
immune cells of the cns fight infection respond to injury. ​
111
oligodendroglia
produce myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS ​

psychology (6 decks)

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