unite 2 test Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
why earthquakes happens ?
A
because of the energy that caused by plate movement
2
Q
what is fault
A
a break in the lithosphere along which bodies of rock can move
3
Q
where earthquake originate ?
A
An earthquake originates along a fault underground at the focus.
4
Q
what is focus ?
A
the zone within the earth where rock displacement produces an earthquake
5
Q
what is the epicenter ?
A
The point on the surface directly above the focus
6
Q
what are body wave ?
A
The waves of energy that shake the rocks beneath the surface
7
Q
what are types of body waves ?
A
primary waves and secondary waves
p waves and s waves
8
Q
what are p waves ?
A
waves are longitudinal waves, P waves temporarily compress and expand the rocks as they move and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases., and they move faster than p waves ?
9
Q
what are s waves?
A
S (secondary) waves are
1- transverse waves wthat is,
2-they shake the rocks up and down relative to the direction of travel, like shaking a rope up and down.
3-S waves temporarily change the shape of the rocks as they move
4 and they cannot move through liquids or gases.
10
Q
what happen when When body waves reach the surface
A
they become surface waves and shake the ground in two directions
11
Q
what are two directions of surface waves ?
A
Love waves shake the ground from side to side. Rayleigh waves shake the ground in a circular motion, much like an ocean wave
12
Q
what is liquefaction,?
A
Body waves can shake underground soils with high water contents so that the soil particles separate from the surrounding water and sink.
13
Q
liquefaction can cause also
A
and it causes structures on the ground above to collapse and underground structures,to rise to the surface.
14
Q
how geologist measure earthquakes ?
A
through seismometer
15
Q
what is seismometer
A
A seismometer is basically a pendulum with a weight suspended from a string
The support of the string is attached to the bedrock. A pen attached to the weight traces a line over a revolving drum.
16
Q
how seismometer work ?
A
When no vibrations occur, the weight is steady and the pen traces a smooth line on the paper.
When a wave passes through, the bedrock shakes, but the weight’s inertia, or resistance to motion, keeps it steady. The pen traces a wave on the paper as the drum shakes with the ground.
17
Q
how fast p waves travel ?
A
about 6 km/s
18
Q
how fast s waves travel ?
A
(at about 3.5 km/s)
19
Q
how fast surface waves travel ?
A
(at about 3.1 km/s)
20
Q
what is used for measure the distance of any seismometer to an earthquake’s epicenter
A
the time interval between P and S waves
21
Q
data from how much are seismometers are needed to find an earthquake’s epicenter.
A
at least 3
22
Q
what are
Seismologists
A
geologists who study seismic waves
23
Q
noticed that when the paths of P and S waves from various earthquakes detected around the globe were plotted from their foci, they travel in bent lines or straight lines ?
A
bent lines
24
Q
what is refraction and what cause it ?
A
refraction
the bending of light as it moves from one medium to another
s caused when a wave travels through different materials, which indicates the composition of different materials or layers of earth’s interior.
25
Earthquakes provide insight on what
earth interior and surface
26
what is example of something scientists learned from ,seismic waves?
, seismic waves indicate that rock density increases from the surface of earth to earth's center. Understanding the changes in rock densities has allowed scientists to determine the composition of earth's interior.
27
Both what waves are present from 0° to 105° from the epicenter.?
p and s waves
28
Neither wave is detected from 105° to 140°. what This indicates?
his indicates that a liquid layer is bending the P waves and blocking the S waves.
29
what waves are detected from 140° to 180°. and must have passed through another material within the liquid and been bent back, while the liquid still stopped the S waves.
p waves
30
where should i expect deep earthqauqe
continent collisions and subduction zones involve the crust pushing together,
31
Earthquakes at transform boundaries are near what ?
near the crust
32
why volcanic and earthquake are relate
Volcanic and earthquake activity relate because as the magma swells, the crust expands
33
Changes in the mantle cause rocks to what ?
Changes in the mantle cause rocks to partially melt.
34
that the earth's crust and mantle are made up of what ?
solid rock
35
Deep in the what ? (100 km deep), increased heat, decreased pressure from ascending rocks below, and water interact to partially melt some mantle rocks
deep in the mental
36
what melts rocks in the crust above the chambers and erupts to the surface through a vent
the magama
37
what helps determine viscosity.?
Silica content
38
what is viscosity
Viscosity
| is how thick the magma is and how it flows
39
what is basaltic magma ?
magmas are low in silica and runny
40
what is Andesitic magmas ?
have higher silica content and are thicker
41
what is Rhyolitic magma ?
Rhyolitic magma contains rhyolite, a very acidic volcanic rockwthe lava form of granite
42
When volcanoes erupt, they send out what ?
Gas dissolved gases from magma, mainly water vapor, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide
Lava molten basalts or andesites (Pahoehoe lava is smooth and runny with a cool crust, but molten underneath, and it flows quickly. Aa lava is rough, jagged looking, and thick, and it flows slower than pahoehoe.)
Ash fine particles of rock
Dust extremely fine particles, smaller than ash
Pyroclastic materials fragments (variable size) of rock, volcanic glass, and lava
43
Basaltic magma with low-viscosity and low-gas content forms what ?
shield volcanoes.
44
what is shield volcanoes ?
a broad-based, gently sloping volcano called a shield volcanoes
45
Basaltic magma with low-viscosity and high-gas content forms what
cinder-cone volcanoes.
46
The explosive eruption expels
gas, ash, dust, and pyroclastic material
47
The top of the cone has a steep crater that leads into the central vent, which is filled with rock fragments.
what this called
cinder-cone volcano
48
Andesitic magma with high-viscosity and high-gas content forms what ?
composite-cone volcanoes.
49
Viscous, high-gas andesitic magma accumulates great pressure before erupting. The eruptions are explosive and the thick lava pours out only a short distance, where it cools. Multiple eruptions provide layer upon layer of lava to form a steeply sloped cone called what ?
composite-cone volcanoes.
50
Composite-cone volcanoes live long or short period of time ?
Composite-cone volcanoes are long lived. They typically have long periods of dormancy interrupted by shorter periods of explosive eruptions
51
what volcaino has a small base about 20v40 km wide that gradually slopes up. About one-third of the way up, the slope increases until reaching a steep summit. The cone is symmetrical. At the top, there is usually a crater that leads to a conduit or pipe that goes all the way down to the initial vent in the crust. The top of the volcano may also have a cap of snow depending on its height.
Composite-cone volcanoes
52
give example of composite-cone volcano
Mount Saint Helens
53
Basaltic magma with low viscosity may form what
may not form volcano at all insted form
| flood basalts or plateau basalts.
54
besides lava. Landslides, and mudflows of soil, -------debris, and water, known as lahars, wreak considerable havoc. Tephra is pyroclastic debris ejected from a -------- explosion. Ash and dust are expelled high into the atmosphere and then "rain" down on the surrounding areas, smothering the landscape. Acid rain results from water vapor high in the atmosphere combining with -------- gases to form sulfuric acid and carbonic acid that then rains down nearby and far away. Pyroclastic flows are explosive blasts of hot gas, dust, and debris that flow down the slope of the -------
volcaions hazards.
55
what are volcanoes ?
A volcano is an opening in the crust where molten rocks (magma) come to the surface and spill out
56
Pacific Ocean Rimwthe Ring of Fire, including the west coasts of both North and South America, the Aleutian Islands, East Asia, the Philippines, Indonesia, and New Zealand
A band stretching from the Mediterranean through Iran
East Africa
Iceland
Windward islands of the Caribbean
Hawaii
what is the comne thingh in theses placess
Where volcanoes occur
57
how plate tectonic explain why volcano occur in the places they occur in ?
divergent boundaries , Convergent boundary
| ,Hot spot
58
What types of volcanoes form at divergent boundaries?
Undersea = the lava is basaltic, Continent=and erupts nonexplosively through a rift. The lava consists of basalt and rhyolite.
59
What types of volcanoes form at convergent boundaries?
Oceanic-oceanic convergence , = forming volcanic island arcs.
Oceanic-continental convergence=form composite and cinder cones along the continental margins. The lava tends to be andesite and rhyolite.
60
What types of volcanoes form at hot spots?
and build up shield volcanoes, which become chains of volcanic islands. The lava consists of basalt.
61
How do mountain ranges and tectonic plates relate to each other?
that most mountain ranges are located at the boundaries of continental and oceanic plates.
62
what is fold ?
In a fold, horizontal compression bends the rock layers like pushing inward on both sides of a folded towel
63
When tectonic forces cause rocks to break, it is called a
fault
64
Tectonic forces form mountains by what ?
folding and faulting
65
When continental plates collide with each other, what happen ?
folded mountains are formed.
66
Valleys and ridges evolve and change through varying rates of what ?
erosion and weathering.
67
why the rocks erode at different rates ?
because different layers have different resistances
68
Oceanic-oceanic convergence gives rise to what
volcanic island arcs.
69
Which process forms ridges and valleys
folding, uplift, and erosion
70
A displacement between two bodies of rock is called
a fault
71
What does an oceanic-oceanic convergence give rise to?
volcanic island arcs
72
From the deepest to the surface, what are the parts of the earth’s interior?
core→mantle→crust
73
What is necessary for a convection cell to be set up in a fluid?
thermal gradient and changes in density
74
What evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift?
coastline fits between different continents, similar rocks and fossils on different continents
75
In a convection cell, cold dense material rises, while hot, less dense material sinks false or true
faluse
76
The plates of the earth’s crust may also contribute to maintaining upper mantle convection.false or true
trure
77
what drives the movements of earth's plates.
Internal heat
78
Besides the heat of the earth core , what give exert great pressures on the rocks.
the movements of the plates
79
how Earthquakes cause extensive damage
Gas lines burst, causing fires.
Water mains burst and dams can crack, leading to flooding.
Power lines snap and result in power blackouts.
Buildings, bridges, and roads collapse.
Offshore earthquakes cause giant tsunamis.
80
how Volcanoes endanger human life and property.
Volcanoes erupt tons of material including gases, dust, ash, debris, and lava. The eruptions cause massive landslides and lahars. In 1980, the eruption of Mount Saint Helens rained ash down upon the Pacific Northwest for days. The ash clouds blocked out the sunlight and the ash covered everything on the ground. The pyroclastic flows blew down trees and devastated the ecosystems in the area.
81
how Volcanoes influence earth's temperature and climate.
Volcanoes emit ash and gases (carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, water vapor, and hydrogen sulfide) into the atmosphere:
Ash clouds block sunlight and temporarily cool the earth a few degrees.
Water vapor and carbon dioxide emitted by volcanoes help the atmosphere retain heat.
Hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide react with water vapor to create sulfuric acid, which comes down as acid rain and damages ecosystems and structures.
82
how vlocainos might be valuable to human life
minerals (such as gold, copper, silver, zinc, and iron) , The weather erodes these rocks into tiny fragments, which enrich the soil and make it ideal for agriculture.
83
how mountince influnce weather
The high altitudes of these mountain ranges disrupt prevailing wind patterns. As the air rises over the peaks of mountain ranges, it often loses its moisture as rain on the windward slopes and then becomes dry over the leeward slopes. This process has important consequences on local weather and climate
84
how Tectonic forces act on biological material to form important fossil fuels.
Living things die and decay in swamps.
Layers build up as heat and pressure transform them into fossil fuels.
Tectonic movements bring these deposits near the surface.
The deposits are extracted by drilling and mining.
85
what is the contintal fit togather
costline
86
what wegener he found in the contint that are the same
fosslis
87
what features are the same in across the continents
geologic features
88
what is the densest part of the earth
inner core
89
what causes diffraction of P waves
outer core
90
where volcanic materials originate
from the mantel
91
As plates move apart (diverge), _____________ and ___________ are formed
seafloor spreding and new ocean redges
92
-continental convergent boundaries are associated with earthquake activity and mountain ranges.
continental
93
Gold is a result of ____________-continental convergence.
oceanic
94
_____formed the Mariana Trench, the Andes, and Japan
subdaction
95
_____evidence comes from sea floor spreading.
plaeomagnatic
96
An earthquake originates along a fault at the __________.
focus
97
The S-P interval of seismic waves recorded at a seismometer is 10 minutes. Approximately how far away is the earthquake's epicenter from the seismometer? [equation: (S-P interval) = 0.00146 (distance to epicenter)]
10 divided by 0.00146=6849
98
Deep in ________ there are magma chambers
mantle
99
During eruptions – gases, lava, _______ material (cloud of ash and lava fragments that travels through air) come out
pyroclasic
100
_________ is a measure of how much the magma flows
visocastity
101
_________ Volcano – Gently sloping, erupt continuously
shield
102
Cinder-cone Volcano – Steep, __________ eruption
explosive
103
Composite-cone Volcano – Steep with broad, ______-sloping base, long lived with explosive eruptions, Fumaroles (opening that emits steam and gases).
gently
104
in the Earth’s crust – can last hundreds of years
fissures
105
Which of these is NOT evidence for Alfred Wegener’s theory?
a Identical fossils on different continents
b Coastlines that fit like a puzzle
c The theory of Plate Tectonics
d Mountain ranges that continue from one continent to another
c
106
What is it called when hot fluid heats and rises and then cools and sinks?
Conduction
Convection
Magma
Earthquakes
convection
107
Which type of wave travels most quickly?
P wave
S wave
p
108
Which of these gases is known to cause acid rain?
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur dioxide
sulfur dixide
109
What occurs at divergent boundaries?
Rift Valley
Subduction
Convergence
Volcanoes
rift vally
110
```
Where does convection happen?
A. Inner Core
B. Outer Core
C. Mantle
D. Crust
```
c
111
A volcano with basaltic magma with low viscosity might not form a volcano. True or False?
true
112
What type of convergence causes an island arc between a trench and continent?
A. Continental-Continental
B. Oceanic-Oceanic
B. Oceanic-Oceanic
113
The difference in arrival time of a p wave an s wave is 2 minutes. Approximately how far away is the earthquake’s epicenter from the seismometer? [equation: (S-P interval) = 0.00146 (distance to epicenter)] Time/distance
A. 1000 km
B. 1370 km
C. 1500 km
D. 3000 km
1370
114
```
What occurs at Continental-Continental plate boundaries?
A. Volcanic island arcs
B. Hot Spots
C. Mountains
D. Volcanoes
```
mountains
