Unite 3 Psych Test

Question 1

he proposed there are two forms of explicit memory: semantic and episodic

Answer 1

Endel Tulving (1972)

Question 2

general facts about the world

Answer 2

semantic memory

Question 3

the record of memorable experiences, or “episodes” in your life, including when and where they occurred

Answer 3

episodic memory

Question 4

a detailed account of circumstances surrounding an emotionally significant or shocking, sometimes historic event

Answer 4

flashbulb memory

Question 5

type of memory that is difficult to bring to awareness and express (something you know or know how to do but is automatic/conscious)

Answer 5

implicit memory

Question 6

memory of how to carry out an activity without conscious control or attention

Answer 6

procedural memory

Question 7

devices or techniques for improving memory (example is the method of loci)

Answer 7

mnemonics

Question 8

involves placing items to be remembered along a mental journey; pick a familiar route and mentally place things you need to remember at points along the way

Answer 8

method of loci

Question 9

system of meaningful categories and subcategories

Answer 9

hierarchy

Question 10

not only intentional but also requires “cognitive effort” which broadly refers to the “degree of engagement with demanding tasks”

Answer 10

effortful processing

Question 11

method of connecting incoming information to knowledge in long-term memory

Answer 11

elaborative rehearsal

Question 12

learning sessions generally occur within the same day

Answer 12

massed practice

Question 13

spreading sessions over the course of many days

Answer 13

distributed practice

Question 14

a stimulus that helps you retrieve stores information that is difficult to access

Answer 14

retrieval cue

Question 15

the process of retrieving information held in long-term memory without the help of retrieval cues

Answer 15

recall

Question 16

the process of matching incoming data to the information stored in long-term memory

Answer 16

recognition

Question 17

is recognition or recall easier

Answer 17

recognition

Question 18

the ability to recall items from a list depends on where they fall in the list

Answer 18

serial position effect

Question 19

(a factor of serial position effect) when you are able to remember items at the beginning of the list

Answer 19

primacy effect

Question 20

(factor of serial positioning effect) when you are able to remember items at the beginning of the list

Answer 20

recency effect

Question 21

states that memories are more easily recalled when the context and cues at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval

Answer 21

encoding specificity principle

Question 22

the process of learning something again after a while and it coming easier the second time around

Answer 22

relearning

Question 23

• spent his time memorizing lists of “nonsense syllables”, once he successfully remembered the list (could recite it smoothly and confidently) he put it aside; later he memorized it all over again and calculated how much time he saved in round 2 “savings score”
• in the first 20 minutes he forgot 40% of the syllables and in the first hour he forgot 60% of the syllables (the more time passed the more he forgot, supports decay theory)

Answer 23

Herman Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

Question 24

the active system that sense, organizes, alters, stores, and retrieves information

Answer 24

memory

Question 25

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently capacity: seemingly unlimited duration: relatively permanent

Answer 25

long-term memory

Question 26

encoding, storage, retrieval

Answer 26

the three key processes of memory

Question 27

first key process of memory, forms a memory code

Answer 27

encoding

Question 28

second key process of memory, "holds on" to encoded information

Answer 28

storage

Question 29

third key process of memory, pulls information from storage

Answer 29

retrieval

Question 30

loss of memory of events that occurred *after the event of injury or illness

Answer 30

anterograde amnesia

Question 31

loss of memory of events that occurred "before" the event of injury or illness

Answer 31

retrograde amnesia

Question 32

the most important brain structure involved in long-term memory function

Answer 32

the hippocampus

Question 33

the theoretical process of information getting into long-term memory, and it doesn't occur immediately and takes time to occur (most of this happens during our sleep, especially REM)

Answer 33

consolidation

Question 34

this theory states that we use different levels of processing and there are three different levels: shallow, deep and the other one

Answer 34

levels of processing theory

Question 35

not being focused and/or not paying attention; also can be using an ineffective strategy; resulting in ineffective coding

Answer 35

shallow level of processing

Question 36

paying close attention and using an effective strategy; results in effective coding

Answer 36

deep level of processing

Question 37

this theory states that two codes increase the probability of recall; people can recall higher imagery words better rather than low imagery words

Answer 37

dual-coding theory

Question 38

stage of memory that captures near exact copies of a piece of stimuli even when your attention is focused elsewhere

Answer 38

sensory memory

Question 39

- the average capacity of this type of memory is average 7 (5-9) pieces of information - limited in capacity and duration; the average duration is 12 seconds

Answer 39

short-term memory

Question 40

automatic encoding due to unexpected, highly emotional event

Answer 40

flashbulb memory

Question 41

type of memory in which you recall a certain memory differently than it actually occurred

Answer 41

reconstructive memory

Question 42

type of memory in which you recall a certain memory differently than it actually occurred

Answer 42

reconstructive memory

Question 43

false forgetting

Answer 43

pseudo-forgetting

Question 44

the theory that says forgetting is the function of time, the more time that goes by the more you forget

Answer 44

decay theory

Question 45

theory that states, forgetting is about retrieval failure due to competition with other material (you encoded fine, but there is a problem with retrieval)

Answer 45

Interference theory

Question 46

retroactive (older) and proactive (newer)

Answer 46

2 kinds of interference

Question 47

when you cannot remember older information

Answer 47

retroactive interference

Question 48

when you cannot remember the newer information

Answer 48

proactive interference

Question 49

the theory that says, the more similar two pieces of information are, the more likely interference will occur (think efferent afferent; parasympathetic sympathetic)

Answer 49

the similarity theory

Question 50

working memory

Answer 50

another name for short term memory

Question 51

continuing to rehearse after the apparent point of mastery

Answer 51

overlearning

Question 52

true or false: shallow processing equals effective encoding

Answer 52

false

Question 53

made by Freud, you push something out of consciousness

Answer 53

repression

Question 54

cues in the environment that stimulates memory retrieval

Answer 54

context effects

Question 55

when information is not encoded, therefore you cannot "forget" info that was never encoded

Answer 55

encoding failure

Question 56

a long session of studying or learning

Answer 56

massed practice

Question 57

short sessions of studying mixed with intervals of rest

Answer 57

distributed practice

Question 58

not recalling information that may be scary or embarrassing

Answer 58

motivated forgetting

Question 59

general facts about the world

Answer 59

semantic memory

Question 60

memories you are aware of

Answer 60

explicit memory

Question 61

personal and memorable experiences including when and where they occurred

Answer 61

episodic memory

Question 62

memories outside of awareness

Answer 62

implicit memory

Question 63

memory of how to perform actions, basically automatic

Answer 63

procedural memory