Units 1,2,3 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
the process of dividing audience members into segments based on background and lifestyle in order to send them messages targeted to their characteristics.
A
AUDIENCE FRAGMENTATION
2
Q
the industrial process that creates the potential for reaching millions, even billions, of diverse anonymous people at around the same time.
A
MASS PRODUCTION PROCESS
3
Q
the aspect of industrialized-or mass production-processes involved in creating the message material that distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication.
A
INDUSTRIAL NATURE
4
Q
collection of symbols that appear purposely organized to those sending of receiving them.
A
MESSAGES
5
Q
refers to people interacting in ways that at one of the parties involved understands as messages.
A
COMMUNICATION
6
Q
a form of communication that involves two or three individuals signaling to each other using their voices, facial and hand gestures, and other signs to convey meaning.
A
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
7
Q
a specialized type of interpersonal communication that is assisted by a device, such as a pen or pencil, computer or phone.
A
MEDIATED INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
8
Q
part of a technical system that helps in the transmission distribution, or reception of messages
A
MEDIUM
9
Q
the originator of the message.
A
SOURCE
10
Q
when the source organized and prepares to send the message
A
ENCODING
11
Q
preform the physical activity of sending the message
A
TRANSMITTER
12
Q
pathway through which the transmitter sends the message
A
CHANNEL
13
Q
the person or organization that gets the message
A
RECEIVER
14
Q
the process by which the receiver makes sense of the message
A
DECODING
15
Q
a response to the message
A
FEEDBACK
16
Q
a sound in the communication situation that interferes with the delivery of the message
A
NOISE
17
Q
the technological vehicles through which mass communication takes place
A
MASS MEDIA
18
Q
companies that send out messages via mass media
A
MASS MEDIA OUTLETS
19
Q
electronic transmission accomplished by adding signals of varying frequency of amplitude to carrier waves of a given frequency of alternating electromagnetic curent
A
ANALOG
20
Q
electronic technology that generate, stores, processes, and transmits data in the form of strings of 0s and 1s
A
DIGITAL
21
Q
the ability of different media to easily interact with each other because they all deal with information in the same digital form
A
CONVERGENCE
22
Q
media content used as coins of exchange in everyday interpersonal discussions
A
SOCIAL CURRENCY
23
Q
the psychological connection that some media user establish with celebrities whom they learn about through the mass media
A
PARASOCIAL INTERACTION
24
Q
using the media to learn about what is happening in the world around us
A
SURVEILLANCE
25
using the media to find out why things are happening-who or what is the cause-and what to do about them
INTERPRETATION
26
the ability to track and respond to any actions triggered by the end user, in order to cultivate a rapport
INTERACTIVITY
27
ways of life that are passed on to members of a society through time and that keep the society together
CULTUER
28
large numbers of individual, groups, and organizations that live in the same general area and consider themselves connected to one another through the sharing of a culture
SOCIETY
29
groups with habits that many people consider odd and unusual but not threatening to the more general way of life
SUBCULTURES
30
predictable depictions that reflect cultural prejudices
STEROTYPES
31
beliefs about who should hold the greatest power within a culture
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
32
the ability of effectively comprehend and use messages that are expressed in written or printed symbols, such as letters
LITERACY
33
the ability to apply critical thinking skills to the mass media
MEDIA LITERACY
34
the use of systematic methods ot understand or solve problems regarding the mass media
MASS MEDIA RESEARCH
35
messages designed to change the attitudes and behavior of huge numbers of otherwise disconnected individuals on controversial social issues
PROPAGANDA
36
the notion that the media create "the ideas in our heads" about what is going on in the world
AGENDA SETTING
37
the systematic examination of mass media messages that seem designed to sway the attitudes of large population on controversial issues
PROPAGANDA ANALYSIS
38
the idea that messages delivered through the mass media persuade the people powerfully and directly without the people having any control over the way they reacat
MAGIC BULLET OR HYPODERMIC NEEDLE APPROACH
39
interactions among people that influence the way individuals interpret media messages
SOCIAL RELATIONS
40
asking the same individuals questions over a period of time in order to find out whether and how the attitudes of these people change over time
PANEL SURVEY
41
the idea that people are not simply passive recipients of media messages; they respond to content based on their personal backgrounds,interests, and interpersonal relationships
ACTIVE AUDIENCE
42
research that studies how people use media products to meet their needs and interests
USES AND GRATIFICATION RESEARCH
43
a study in which randomly selected people are manipulated in a relatively controlled environment without knowing that they are involved in an experiment
NATURALISTIC EXPERIMENT
44
the process by which the media affect the standard that individual use to evaluate what they see and hear in the media
PRIMING
45
a theory that holds that, in the development of any socail or political issues, the more highly educated segments of a population know more about the issues early on and, in fact, acquire information about that issue at a faster rate than the less educated segments, and so the difference between the two types of people grows wider
KNOWLEDGE GAP
46
the research models that developed out of the work of the Columbia School,the Yale School, and the Payne Fund Studies
MAINSTREAM APPOACHES
47
as defined by Karl Marx, the ownership of the means of production by a ruling class in socitey
CAPITALISM
48
the Frankfut School's members' theories focusing on the corrosive influence of capitalism on culture
CRITICAL THEORY
49
a term coined by Marcuse to express the way in which capitalism takes potentially revolutionary ideas and tames them to express capitalist ideals
CO-OPTATION
50
control over a dependent area or people by a powerful entity by force or arms
COLONIALISM
51
the exercise of control over and area or people by a dominant power, not so much through force of arms as by surrounding the weaker countries with cultural material that reflect values and beliefs supporting the interest of that dominant power
CULTURAL COLONIALISM
52
studies that emphasize that when media systematically portray certain populations in unfavorable ways, the ideas that mainstream audiences pick up about those people help certain groups in society retain their power over the groups they denigrate
CULTIVATION STUDIES
53
studies that start with the idea that all sorts of mass media, from newspapers to movies, present their audiences with technologies and texts and that audiences find meaning in then; scholars then ask question that center oh how to think about what "making meaning" of technologies and texts means and what consequences it has for those audiences in society.
CULTURAL STUDIES
54
open to multiple meanings
POLUSEMOUS
55
the people to whom a media product is directed
AUDIENCES
56
the people who select or create the material that a mass media firm produces, distributes, or exhibits
MEDIA PRACTITIONERS
57
enough cash to allow the enterprise to pay for itself and give the owners or bankers who put up the money the desired return on their investment
ADEQUATE REVENUE
58
characteristics by which people are divided into particular social categories
DEMOGRAPHIC
59
factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, race, and income
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS
60
a way to differentiate among people or groups by categorizing them according to their attitudes, personality types, or motivations
PSYCHOGRAPHICS
61
activities in which potential audiences are involved that mark them as different from others in the population at large
LIFESTYLE CATEGORIES
62
the previous successes or failures of a product, person, or organization
TRACK RECORD
63
departments within companies that explore new ideas and generate new products and services, systematically investigating potential sources of revenues through surveys, focus groups, or the analysis of existing data
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
64
a research tool that seeks to ask a certain number of carefully chosen people the same questions individually over the phone, online, or in person
SURVEYS
65
an assemblage of 8 to 10 carefully chosen people who are asked to discuss their habits and opinions about one or more topics
FOCUS GROUP
66
a systematic investigation into the potential audience for the material and into the competitors
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DATA
67
material that grabs the audience's attention and leaves agreeable feeling, as opposed to challenging their views of themselves and the world
ENTERTAINMENT
68
a patterned approach to creating content that is characterized by the use of setting, typical characters, and patterns of action
FORMULA
69
the environment in which content takes place
SETTING
70
those who appear regularly in the subgenre
TYPICAL CHARACTERS
71
the predictable activities associated with the character in the settings
PATTERNS OF ACTION
72
a term used by some academic writers to describe mixed genres
HYBRID GENRES
73
the process of mixing genres within a culture and across cultures
HYBRIDITY
74
a subgenre that blends the rules associated with drama and comedy
DRAMEDY
75
individuals who are trained to report nonfiction events to an audience
JOURNALISTS
76
a news story marked by timeliness,unusalness, conflict, and closeness
HARD NEWS
77
presenting a fair, balanced, and impartial representation of the events that took place by recounting a news event based on the facts and without interpretation, so that anyone else who witnessed by the event would agree with the journalists' recounting of it.
OBJECTIVITY
78
reporting factually correct information
ACCURACY
79
in-depth explorations of some aspect of reality
INVESTIGATIVE REPORTS
80
subgenre of news that concentrates on an idividual's or an organization's point of view
EDITORIAL
81
individuals who are paid to write editorials on a regular basis-- usally weekly, monthly, or daily
COLUMNISTS
82
journalistic websites or opinion sites in which writings are in the style of journal entries, often in reverse chronological order
BLOGS
83
the kind of news story that news workers feel may not have the critical importance of hard news but nevertheless would appeal to a substantial number of people in the audience
SOFT NEWS
84
the raw material that journalists use when they create news stories
INFORMATION
85
content that is purposefully crafted to teach people specific ideas about the world in specific ways
EDUCATION
86
a message that explicitly aims to direct favorable attention to certain goods and services
ADVERTISEMENT
87
the process by which a manufacturer pays-- often tens of thousands of dollars and sometimes far more-- a production company for the opportunity to have its products displayed in a movie or TV show
PRODUCT PLACEMENT
88
advertisements that rely primarily on the recitation of facts about a product and the product's features to convince target consumers that it is the right product for them to purchase
INFORMATIONAL ADS
89
messages that combine information about the product with intense attempts to get the consumer to purchase it as soon as possible
HARD-SELL ADS
90
advertisements that aim mostly to create good feelings about the product or service by associating it with music, personalities, or events that the creators of that product or service feel would appeal to the target audience
SOFT-SELL ADS
91
a company that creates materials for distribution through one or more mass media vehicles
MASS MEDIA PRODUCTION FIRM
92
worker who oversee the business side of the media organization
ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL
93
individuals who get initial ideas for the material or use their artistic talent to put the material together
CREATIVE PERSONNEL
94
a worker who has secured a full-time position at a production firm
ON-STAFF WORKER
95
workers who make a living by accepting and completing assignments for a number of different companies--sometimes several at one time
FREELANCERS
96
a union formed by people who work in similar crafts to help negotiate rules with major production firms in their industries regarding the ways in which freelance creatives will be treated and paid
TALENT GUILD
97
an activity in which many people work together to initiate, create and polish the end material
COLLABORATIVE ACTIVITY
98
the pattern in which the programs are arranged and presented to the audience
SCHEDULE
99
the delivery of the produced material to the point where it will be shown to its intended audience.
DISTRIBUTION
100
a firm that can ensure the media product is carries will end up in the best location at the best exhibitors to the best audience
POWERFUL DISTRIBUTOR
101
the activity of presenting mass media materials to audiences for viewing or purchase
EXHIBITION
102
the amount of area or time available for presenting products to consumers
SHELF SPACE
103
payments in chash, discounts, or publicity activities that provide a special reason for an exhibitor to high light a producty
TRADE INCENTIVES
104
advertising paid for in part by media production firms or their distributors in order to help the exhibitor promote the product
COOPERATIVE ADVERTISING
105
an organization's control over a media product from production through distribution to exhibition
VERTICAL INTEGRATION
106
money borrowed from an organization, usually a bank, for a certain price
LOAN
107
companies that arrange to lend millions, even tens and hundreds of millions, of dollars to companies and that also arrange stock offerings
INVESTMENT BANKS
108
a group of banks that agree to share the risks and rewards of the lending deal, organized by investment banks when very large amounts of money are required
SYNDICATE
109
selling units of ownership in the company, or shares of stock, to organization and individuals
STOCK OFFERINGS
110
individuals or companies that invest in startup or nonpublic firms in the hope that the firms' value will increase over time
VENTURE CAPITALISTS
111
the offering or companies that invest in startup or nonpublic of a predetermined number of shares of company stock that were previously owned by a limited number of individuals and the listing of the company's shares on the stock exchange
INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO)
112
the amount of money brought in by the completed products minus the expenses
PROFITS
113
amount a cable system or a satellite firm pays to a broadcaster for the right to pick the broadcaster's signal off the air and send it to cable or satellite subscribers.
RETRANSMISSION FEE
114
a wide variety of activities and laws through which elected and appointed official at local, state, and federal levels exercise influence over media firms
GOVERNMENT REGULATION
