Units 5&6 Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
the Enlightenment
A
the shift of emphasis from tradition to reason and from community values to individualism
2
Q
Age of Isms
A
other name for the Enlightenment; isms included socialism, liberalism, conservatism, nationalism, empiricism, deism, feminism, abolitionism, Zionism, and others
3
Q
nationalism
A
a feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture
4
Q
empiricism
A
the belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience
5
Q
John Locke
A
Two Treatises of Government, social contract, blank slate, natural rights
6
Q
social contract
A
a strong government should provide law and order, and citizens have the right and responsibility to to revolt against an unjust government
7
Q
tabula rasa
A
“blank slate”; all people are born with an empty mind waiting to be filled with knowledge; radical belief for the time
8
Q
philosophes
A
group of thinkers and writers who explored political, social, and economic theories in new ways
9
Q
Baron Montesquieu
A
The Spirit of Laws;checks and balances
10
Q
Voltaire
A
Candide; pro-constitutional monarchy and civil rights, wanted religious liberty and judicial reform in France
11
Q
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A
The Social Contract; social contract, education, General Will of a population
12
Q
Adam Smith
A
The Wealth of Nations; laissez-faire capitalism
13
Q
laissez-faire
A
government shouldn’t intervene in economy
14
Q
capitalism
A
the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit
15
Q
Deism
A
the belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion
16
Q
Thomas Paine
A
The Age of Reason-defended Deism
Common Sense-pop. in America for advocating liberty from Britain
17
Q
consveratism
A
belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories
18
Q
socialism
A
a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production
19
Q
utopian socialists
A
those who believed that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities
20
Q
Henri de Saint-Simon
A
believed that scientists and engineers working with businesses could operate clean, efficient, beautiful workplaces
21
Q
Charles Fourier
A
identified 810 passions that would make work work more enjoyable and workers less tired
22
Q
Robert Owen
A
established small societies governed by the principles of utopian socialism
23
Q
Fabian Society
A
socialist group that favored reforming society by parliamentary means
24
Q
classical liberalism
A
belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches
25
Mary Wollstonecraft
A Vindication of the Rights of Women; argued that females should receive the same education as males
26
abolitionism
the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people
27
Zionism
the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East
28
anti-Semitism
hostility towards Jews
29
Theodor Herzl
leader of Zionist movement
30
Dreyfus Affair
a Jewish military officer was convicted of treason against the French government based on forged documents; increased support for Zionism
31
Declaration of Independence
expressed the philosophy behind the colonists' fight against British rule; included a slight modification of Locke's natural rights
32
liberté, égalité, et fraternité
"liberty, equality, fraternity"; slogan of the French revolution
33
Bastille
French prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; was stormed on July 14 1789
34
Declaration of the Rights of Man
statement declaring basic human rights
35
Reign of Terror
period during which the French government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the king and queen. Started by the Jacobins
36
Haiti
French sugar and coffee colony
37
Maroons
escaped slaves
38
Toussaint L'Ouverture
former slave that led a general rebellion against slavery
39
creoles
Europeans born in the Americas
40
mestizos
people in American colonies with both European and native parents
41
peninsulares
colonists born in Spain or Portugal
42
mulattoes
people of African and either European or indigenous ancestory
43
Simón Bolívar
creole who pushed for enlightenment ideals in Latin America. Became instrumental in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
44
Lola Rodríguez de Tió
female Puerto Rican poet who criticized Spain's rule over Puerto Rico
45
Propaganda Movement
movement where Filipinos called for greater autonomy of the Philippines through publications. Led to the the Philippine Revolution
46
realpolitik
the practical policies of reality that Count di Cavour believed in
47
Giuseppe Mazzini
created the radical romantic revolutionary philosophy that Cavour adopted
48
Risorgimento
Italian resurgence
49
Giuseppe Garibaldi
leader of the Red Shirts fighting in the southern Kingdom of Naples; allied with Cavour to achieve Italian unification
50
Otto von Bismark
favored realpolitik, used nationalism to three wars to unify Germany
51
immigration
the movement of people into a country form other countries
52
Ottomanism
a movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state
53
Industrial Revolution
the dramatic change in society and economics due to new technologies
54
industrialization
the increased mechanization of production and the social changes that came with the shift
55
agricultural revolution
an increase in agricultural productivity
56
crop rotation
rotating different crops in and out of a field each year
57
seed drill
a device that efficiently puts seeds in a designated spot in the ground
58
cottage industry
putting-out system; system developed in Britain where merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes for low pay and some independence
59
spinning jenny
made weaving cloth faster
60
water frame
made spinning yarn faster
61
James Hargreaves
invented the spinning jenny
62
Richard Arkwright
invented the waster frame
63
factory system
system of manufacture that uses machinery
64
Eli Whitney
inventor of interchangeable parts
65
interchangeable parts
allowed parts of manufactured goods to be replaced when they break, rather than the whole thing
66
division of labor
assigning each worker to one type of task; improved efficiency
67
specialization of labor
same as division of labor
68
assembly line
series of workers in a factory that worked together to manufacture large amounts of a product; first used for Model Ts
69
seaway
aquatic equivalent of a road
70
raw material
resources used to make things, especially manufactured goods
71
capital
money available to invest in business
72
industrial advantages of Britain
mineral resources, colony resources, abundant rivers, strong fleets, protection of private property, and growing population/urbanizatipon
73
enclosure movement
the selling of commons by the government that caused an increase in urbanization
74
human capital
workforce
75
Trans-Siberian Railroad
Russian railroad that stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, making trade easier for Russia; developed the Russian coal, iron, and steel industries
76
company rule
British East India Company control over parts of India
77
steam engine
engine that uses pressure created by steam to create energy
78
James Watt
invented an inexpensive steam engine
79
coaling stations
refueling points for steam powered ships
80
second industrial revolution
developments in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics
81
Alexander Graham Bell
received the first patent for a telephone`
82
Gugliemo Marconi
Italian physicist who created the radio
83
Transcontinental Railroad
railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific in America
84
Mamluks
former Turkish slaves that formed a military class
85
Muhammad Ali
governor of Egypt who taxed peasants so much that they were forced to give their land to the state, allowing the government to control cotton production and make money
86
Commodore Matthew Perry
led a naval squad that went to Japan and demanded trade privileges for America
87
Meiji Restoration
period where the Meiji reformed Japan to become a major power
88
Charter Oath
abolished feudalism in Japan in 1868
89
zaibatsu
powerful Japanese family business organizations
90
corporations
a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders
91
stockholders
individuals who buy partial ownership directly from a company when it is formed or later through a stock market
92
monopoly
control of a specific business and elimination of all compitition
93
Bessemer process
a more efficient way to produce steel
94
Cecil Rhodes
founder of De Beers Diamonds
95
transnational companies
companies that operated across national bounderies
96
labor union
organization of workers that advocate the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract
97
John Stuart Mill
fought for legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and and ensure safe working conditions in factories
98
utilitarianism
philosophy by Mill that sought the greatest good for the greatest number of people
99
Karl Marx
German scholar who co-founded communism with Engels
100
Friedrich Engels
wealthy supporter of Marx
101
Communist Manifesto
pamphlet that summarized Marx and Engels' critique of capitalism
102
proletariat
working class
103
bourgeoise
middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories
104
Mahmud II
Ottoman sultan who abolished Janissaries, developed a new artillery unit trained by Europeans, abolished feudalism, built new roads, and set up a postal system
105
Tanzimat
"reorganization"; Ottoman reforms after Mahmud II
106
Hatt-i Humayun
declared equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice
107
millets
separate legal courts established by different religious communities
108
Self-Strengthening Movement
Chinese reform where the government faced internal and external problems confronting China
109
Hundred Days of Reform
abolished the outdated civil service exam, eliminated corruption, and established Western-style industrial, commercial, and medical systems
110
Empress Dowager Cixi
most powerful political figure in China during the reign of Guangxu, initially a conservative and opposed reforms and feared foreigners
111
bushido
code of conduct of samurai
112
genros
elder statesmen in Japan
113
tenements
poorly built apartment buildings
114
slums
low-income areas of cities
115
working class
social class made up of laborers
116
white-collar workers
managers, small business owners, and professionals. Most were literate and middle class
117
mass production
made goods more abundant and cheaper
118
imperialism
establishing overseas empires
119
Sino-Japanese War
war between China and Japan over Korea; Japan won
120
Formosa
name of Taiwan from Portuguese colonization until the end of WWII
121
Phrenologists
people who studied skull sizes and shapes to justify imperialism
122
Social Darwinism
usage of evolution to justify imperialism
123
David Livingstone
Scottish missionary that worked in Sub-Saharan Africa to end the illegal trade of slaves
124
quinine
medicine that treats malaria; increased colonization in Africa
125
Suez Canal
canal built in Egypt to save a trip around Africa
126
corvée laborers
unpaid workers forced to work on the Suez Canal as a tax
127
Sierra Leone
a home for freed slaves from throughout the British Empire
128
settler colony
colony for people from other places to live in
129
Scramble for Africa
the push of European powers to colonize Africa; leaders feared that it would lead to war
130
Berlin Conference
a meeting of European powers to colonize Africa in an orderly manner
131
Cape Colony
colony in Africa that Britain took from the Dutch
132
Afrikaners
the descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony
133
Boer Wars
violent conflicts between the British and Afrikaners over land
134
King Leopold II
Belgian king who oversaw the takeover of the Congo to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion
135
Abysssinia
Ethiopia; unclaimed African country because it had a strong army-defeated France
136
Liberia
unclaimed African country because it was founded by former slaves from the US
137
Ceylon
Sri Lanka
138
spheres of influence
areas in China where certain European powers had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources
139
Indochina
Vietnam
140
Malaya
worlds greatest producer of natural rubber at the end of the 19th century
141
Siam
Thailand; only uncolonized country in Southeast Asia in the 19th century
142
penal colony
colony used for prisoners, such as Australia
143
Treaty of Waitangi
guaranteed that the rights of the Maori would be protected by the British crown
144
Maori
original inhabitants of New Zealand
145
Monroe Doctrine
European countries can't intervene in affairs of the Western Hemisphere
146
Roosevelt Corollary
the US would intervene if Latin American countries showed instability
147
Great Game
intense rivalry between Russia and Britain over Afghanistan
148
Proclamation of 1763
the British reserved all land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River after the French and Indian War
149
Cherokee nation
adopted a constitution based on America's
150
Indian Removal Act
forced natives to relocate to Oklahoma
151
Ghost Dance
rituals of dance and song meant to hasten the native's dead coming back and driving out the whites, restoring their lands and traditions
152
Túpac Amaru II
hereditary chief in southern Peru who initiated a general Incan revolt against Spain
153
Benito Juárez
liberal ruler of Mexico; overthrown by conservative Mexicans conspiring with Napoleon III
154
sepoys
Indian soldiers under British employment
155
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Sepoy Mutiny; violent uprising of sepoys that was stopped by the British; marked the beginning of Indian nationalism
156
Raj
British colonial government over India
157
José Rizal
started a reform movement called the Liga Filipina (Philippine League), feared by the Spanish despite being loyal to Spain
158
Treaty of Paris
end of Spanish-American War that gave the Philippines to America
159
Philippine-American War
attempted Philippine revolution from America that ended with an American victory and large civilian death counts
160
Pan-Africanism
feeling of nationalism shared by Western-educated Africans
161
Xhosa
natives of South Africa that didn't want to be ruled by any Europeans
162
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
the killing of cattle and burning of crops by the Xhosa believing that it would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their land. The only result was famine and death of thousands
163
Anglo-Zulu War
war between the British and Zulus that resulted in the Zulu's land becoming part of the British colony of South Africa
164
Muhammad Ahmad
declared himself the Mahdi who would restore the glory of Islam
165
Mahdi
"guided one"
166
railroads
made land transportation faster
167
steamships
made water transportation faster, but required huge amounts of coal as fuel
168
economic imperialism
a situation in which foreign business interests have great power or influence
169
Culture System
forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing corvée labor
170
Pampas
large, grassy plains in Latin America
171
banana republics
small Central American countries under the economic power of foreign-based corperations
172
indentured servants
people who worked for a set number of years before becoming free
173
disapora
mass emigrations from a country or region that may take place over a period of many years
174
ethnic enclaves
clusters or neighborhoods of people from the same foreign country
175
kangani system
replaced indentured servitude; entire families were recruited to work on tea, coffee, and rubber plantations in Ceylon, Burma, and Malaya
