Units 5-9 Psychology 230 Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
The Auditory System
A
2
Q
What is sound?
A
Sound as a stimulus
3
Q
Sound stimulus
A
Periodic variations in air pressure traveling out from a source
4
Q
Sound waves
A
The waves of pressure changes that occur in the air as a function of the vibration of a source
5
Q
Medium of Sound
A
It is necessary to conduct air; sound, water
6
Q
The Relation of Physical and Perceptual Attributes of Sound
A
7
Q
Pure tones
A
Sound waves in which air pressure changes follow a sine wave pattern
8
Q
Amplitude
A
Difference between the maximum sound and minimum sound pressures
9
Q
Loudness
A
Perceptual experience of an amplitude
10
Q
Loud sounds can be dangerous
A
Prolonged contact to sounds over 85 decibels can eventually cause hearing loss
11
Q
Frequency or Wavelength of Sound
A
12
Q
What is frequency of sound?
A
One it can be measured in cycles, the amount of time between one peak of high pressure and the next, and the amount of cycles in a sound stimulus that occur in 1 second
13
Q
What is Pitch?
A
The subjective experience of a frequency
14
Q
What Unit is used to measure sound amplitude?
A
dB
15
Q
What is the hearing range of humans?
A
Humans hearing can range from 20 Hertz (Hz)-20,000 Hertz, as you get older your hearing will diminish
16
Q
How does hearing change with age?
A
But by age 50 humans can hear only up to about 12,000 Hz
17
Q
Anatomy of the Ear
A
18
Q
Outer Ear
A
19
Q
Pinna
A
Collects sound and funnels it into the auditory canal
20
Q
External auditory canal
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Conducts sound to the tympanic membrane
21
Q
Tympanic membrane
A
Thin elastic sheet
22
Q
The Middle Ear
A
23
Q
Eustachian tube
A
Connects the middle ear with the pharynx
24
Q
Tensor tympani
A
Muscles attached to the malleus and the stapes
25
Stapedius
Muscles attached to the malleus and the stapes
26
Ossicles
Transmit sound via chain reaction of vibrations that connect to the eardrum
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Malleus (Hammer)
Magnifies the oscilliations and sends the information to the inner ear
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Incus (Anvil)
Magnifies the oscillations and sends the information to the inner ear
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Stapes (Stirrup)
Magnifies the oscillations and sends the information to the inner ear
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Inner Ear
31
Functions of inner ear
Transduces sound into a neural signal
32
Cochlea
Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that houses the hair cells
33
Tympanic canal
Three-liquid filled chambers
34
Middle canal
Three-liquid filled chambers
35
Vestibular canal
Three-liquid filled chambers
36
Reissner's membrane
Sits in the cochlea, and transmits vibrations from fluid in the vestibular duct to the cochlear duct
37
Basilar membrane
Composed of fibers, the Organ of Corti lies on it
38
Tectorial membrane
Sits in the organ of the Corti, and mainly stimulates hair cells
39
The Organ of Corti
Allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve's action potential
40
Hair cells
41
Stereocilia
Hair cells that respond to fluid motion
42
Inner hair cells
Convey information to the brain
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Outer hair cells
Receives information from the brain
44
Actions of hair cells
Vibrations, transducing signals, sending info to the brain
45
How is Amplitude Coded?
46
Small amplitude sounds
Small displacement along the cochlea, the tectorial membrane will shear across the organ of Corti less forcefully, less NT is released
47
Large amplitude sounds
Large displacements along the cochlea, the tectorial membrane will shear across the organ of Corti more forcefully, more NT is released
48
How and Where is Frequency Coded?
It is coded in the nervous system, and it is based on the threshold
49
Place code theory
Different locations along the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies
50
The Basilar Membrane of the Cochlea
At the base, the basilar membrane is thicker and stiffer, at the apex it is thinner and less stiff
51
Characteristic frequency
The frequency to which any particular location on the basilar membrane responds best
52
Frequency and Displacement along the Basilar Membrane
53
Temporal code theory
Frequency representation occurs because of a math between sound frequency and the firing rates of the auditory nerve
54
Tuning Curve for an Auditory Nerve Fiber
Find the lowest point on the cone, read the frequency
55
Cochlear nucleus
Senses as a lateral inhibition function
56
Trapezoid body
Important for determining the direction of sound
57
Superior Olive
Receives information from both ears; critical for sound localization
58
Inferior colliculus
Serves as a the main auditory (sound) for the body
59
Medial geniculate nucleus
Two pair of nuclei found in the thalamus, which process auditory information
60
The Auditory Pathway
61
Primary auditory cortex
Located in the temporal lobe, allows both ears to project on both sides
62
Tonotopic organization
Similar frequencies are coded by neurons close to each other in the brain
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What and Where Pathways of hearing
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What pathway
Basis for speech perception and music perception
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Where pathway
Localization of sound in space
66
Conductive hearing loss
Sound does not properly arrive at the cochlea, blockage of the auditory canal, or tympanic membrane, or damage to the ossicles
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Otosclerosis
Calcification of the ossicles, making them less conducive to sound
68
Sensorineural hearing loss
Damage to the cochlea, auditory nerve, or primarily auditory cortex
69
Tinnitus
The condition when people perceive sounds when none are present
70
Hearing Aids
71
Cochlear Implant
An implant in the ear to help people who are deaf
72
Understanding the World Through Sound
73
Harmonic Spectrum
Containing only frequency components whose frequencies are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
74
Missing Fundamental Effect
If the lower harmonics are not produced you still hear the tone as having the pitch of the nonexistent fundamental because of the presence of these beat frequencies
75
Timbre
Psychological sensation that combines tonality and harmonic spectrum of a sound as a whole
76
Onset and offset sounds
They change the quality of sounds as well
77
How sound Localization works
78
What is interneural difference?
Is a binaural cue for high-frequency sounds only
79
What is interaural time difference?
When concerning humans or animals, is the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears
80
How is interaural time difference computed in the medial superior olives?
The way in which superior olive does this is by measuring the differences in time between two ear signals recording the same stimulus
81
Cone of confusion
Collection of locations in the world that produce the same ITD
82
Elevation Perception
An emotional response to moral beauty
83
Echo
Echo is a long reflection of sound on a far hard surface
84
Reverberation
While reverb has a way shorter reflection time
85
Relationship between sound frequency and its travel distance
Frequency and distance are directly proportional the higher the frequency the more distance for the sound to dissipate the lower the frequency the shorter the distance for the sound to dissipate
86
What is an echo?
An echo occurs when two vibrations are close together like a mic and the speaker
87
Auditory Scene Analysis
88
Spatial segregation
Refers to the distribution of social groups or any other elements in space
89
Temporal segregation
This is the result of the target being neither temporally integrated with nor segregated from the mask
90
Spectral sensitivity
Spectral sensitivity is the extent that light of different wave lengths is absorbed by the photopigments of the retina
91
Sound restoration
Effect refers to the tendency for people to hallucinate a phoneme replaced by a non-speech sound
92
The Vestibular system
93
Vestibulo-spina reflex
Controls balance and postural control
94
Visual stability
Balance postural control
95
Regulation of blood pressure
Vestibulo-spinal reflex
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Vestibulo-autonomic relfex
Balance and spatial orientation
97
What information does the Vestibular system provide?
The nervous system provides us with the awareness of the spatial position of our head and body (proprioception) and self-motion (kinesthesia)
98
Location of the Vestibular system in the human body
Located in the nervous system
99
What are vestibular organs?
Organs located in the inner ear
100
Vestibular organs and sensitivity to sensitivity changes
They detect changes in accleration
101
Function of hair cells in the vestibular organs
Transduce the mechanical movements into neural energy
102
Resting state
Observed when stereocilia are not bent
103
Depolarization
Observed when stereocilia bend in the direction opposite to the kinocilium
104
Utricle
Contains 30,000 hair cells that detects changes in acceleration along the horizontal plane
105
Saccules
Vertical acclerations
106
Otoconia
Crystals lying on the top of a gelatinous layer
107
Striola
Bond that determines the direction of the kinocilium
108
Hair cells
Embedded in the gelatinous layer
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Ampulla
Each canal has an ampulla containing acupula which is a gelatinous membrane
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Cupula
The bottom part of the cupula (crista) contains the hair cells involved in the process of transduction
111
Hair cells
As the fluids move in the canals, they will push on the cupula like wind on a windsurf sail, and the hair cells' stereocilia will bend
112
What different rotational movement cause changes in semicircular canals?
Anterior, posterior, and horizontal
113
Push-pull effects in the two ears
Effects in the two ears; the arrangement of the hair cells within the two depolarized, the other is hyperpolarized
114
Low vs. High Amplitude Movements
The more the hair cells bend, the larger the change in voltage
115
Sinusoidal Changes in Angular Acceleration
Used for vestibular testing
116
Deflection of the Cupula after Acceleration
Cupula bends when we accelerate one way and then goes to the usual position and then when we stop the cupula is deflected in the opposite direction
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Experienced Speed of Turning
We are spinning then after 30 seconds at constant velocity we feel as though we are no longer spinning then when the cupula deflects, we are going to feel like we are now opposite direction until the cupula returns to the original condition
118
Exponent for turning sensation?
About 1.3 response expansion as we increase speed of rotation the experience increases
119
What is passive translation?
You do nothing and people move you we are good at estimating how far we moved, how fast and at what speed
120
Vertigo
Sensation of feeling off-balance, dizzy
121
Symptoms of vertigo
Nausea, Difficulty with vision, no change in hearing
122
Vestibular neuritis
Inflammation of the vestibular nerve
123
Labyrinthitis
Inflammtion of the vestibular and cochlear nerve
124
Motion sickness
Disagreement between vestibular organs and vision
125
Illusion of self-motion
Not moving but you think you are because the fluids in the semicircular canals think you are
126
Wavelength
Distance between peaks
127
Intensity
Height of the wave
128
Frequency
Number of waves per unit of time
129
Properties of light
Scattered/diffracted; absorbed; reflected; transmitted; refracted
130
Reflected light enters the eye through the pupil
131
Human field of view
Is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual
132
Anatomy of the eye
Sclera, Cornea, Anterior chamber, Iris, Pupil
133
Pupillary reflex
Automatic process
134
Accommodation
Rapid process of adjusting the lens so that both near and far objects can be seen
135
Near point
The closest distance at which an eye can focus
136
Presbyopia
Light focuses behind the retina; difficulty focusing on close objects
137
Retina
The inner-most light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye
138
Fovea
When we look at objects, their image is projected on it, it is at the center of the retina
139
Optic disc
No receptor cells; optic nerve leaves the eye
140
Photoreceptors
Cones; rods located at the very end of the eye
141
Cones
Help us see in low levels of light
142
Horizontal cells
Are located in the retina along with retinal bipolar cells and amacrine cells. they a part of the indirect pathway only, as opposed to bipolar cells which are part of the indirect and direct pathways in the eye
143
Bipolar cell
1 cone---> 1 bipolar cell
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Amacrine cells
Interneurons in the retina
145
Ganglion cell
P: 1 cone-----> 1 bipolar cell------> P ganglion cell
146
M cell
Input from-----> 50 photoreceptors-----> diffuse bipolar cell----> M ganglion cell
147
Transduction of light
Photopigment; opsin; classes of receptors
148
Duplex Theory of Vision
Photopic vision; Scotopic vision
149
Receptive field
A spatial entity ( a portion of the visual field or retina, or a portion of the body surface); that makes the most sense in the visual and somatosensory systems
150
On-center ganglion cell
A retinal ganglion cell which is aroused by light in the core of its receptive region but is hindered by light in the surrounding region
151
Off-center ganglion cell
A retinal ganglion cell which is hindered by light in the core of its receptive region but is aroused by light in the surrounding region
152
Lateral inhibition
A type of cell-cell interaction, during asymmetric cell division one daughter cell adopts a particular fate that causes it to be a copy of the original cell, and the other daughter cell is inhibited from becoming a copy
153
Myopia
Nearsightedness cannot see objects far away
154
Hyperopia
Farsightedness cannot see objects close up
155
Astigmatism
A defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature, which results in distorted images, as light rays are prevented from meeting at a common focus
156
Cataract
The cladding of the eye
157
Macular degeneration
Affects central vision, blurring our perception of whatever it is we are trying to look at
158
Retinitis pigmentosa
Affects peripheral vision, creating a "tunnel" vision effect in which we see what are we looking at with normal acuity, but cannot see what surrounds our focus
159
Vision Protheses
Devices intended to restore visual function to blind individuals
160
The Visual System and the Brain
161
Work by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel
Work on anatomy and physiology of the visual cortex
162
Optic nerve
Is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain
163
Optic chiasm
An X-shaped space, located in the forebrain, directly in front of the hypothalamus
164
Optic tract
A large bundle of nerve fibers of the visual pathway
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Optic radiation
A projection tract that connects the lateral geniculate nucleus to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
166
Superior Culliculi
Structure out the top of the brainstorm
167
Function
Control of rapid eye movements
168
Saccades
Sudden eye movements used to ook from object to another
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Smooth-pursuit eye movements
Voluntary tracking eye movements
170
Visual cortex
Layers; Reinotopic map; Cortical magnification; Visual crowding
171
Bar detector
Mounted towards the eye with the division of between the two photosensitive surfaces
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Simple cells
A simple cell in the primary visual cortex is a cell that responds primarily to oriented edges and gratings (bars of particular orientations)
173
Orientation tuning curve
The unit measures the cellular response as a function of the orientation or movement of a visual stimulus
174
Complex cells
Can be found in the primary visual cortex, it responds to oriented edges and gratings
175
End-stopped cells
Striate cells that examine a monocular response and the dominant eye to half its maximal amplitude
176
Hypercolumn
A group of nerve cells in the brain that helps us interpret what we see by enabling us to analyze the size, shape, speed, and direction of visual stimuli
177
V2
It affects how light is refracted
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Ventral pathway
The (what, parvo pathway) sits in the temporal lobe, it affects how we see color and process shapes and sizes
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Dorsal
The (where, magno pathway) sits in the parietal lobe, and it helps us with motion and spatial relations
180
Experiment on monkeys
The experiment on monkeys showed, direction, length, orientation, and color of moving bar stimuli
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Where does vision come together?
It comes together in the retina, lens, optic nerve it transduces signal and transmits it from our brain into the nerve endings
182
The Kitten Carousel Experiment
This experiment took into account guided behavior when a hand is waved in front of them
183
Critical Period
When the nervous system is primed and sensitive to environmental experiences
184
Visual acuity
How small are the spatial details that our visual system can resolve
185
Spatial frequency
How many alterations of black and white can we fit in a fixed amount of space
186
Development of spatial frequency in children
Low spatial frequency stimuli at 9 weeks old, but reach adult levels, at 3-4 years old children reach adult levels, because the fovea needs time to develop
187
Tilt aftereffect
The vertical bars should appear to be slightly tilted to the left (opposite to the previous orientation)
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Color aftereffect
Color depth (or bit depth) is the number of bits per channel used to represent the color of a pixel
189
Spatial frequency aftereffect
Is manipulated so that the magnitude of the aftereffect can be assessed as a function of spatial frequency
190
Blindsight
Unconscious residual visual capacities shown by cortically blind patients
