Units 7 - 8 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Describe how the skin allows for homeostasis
Regulation of body temperature:
When blood temperature is too low capillaries vasoconstrict, sweat production decreases and the aerector pilli contracts. When blood temperature is too high cappillaries vasodilate, weat production increases and the aerector pilli relaxes
Protection and immunity:
The skin provides a physical barrier protecting the body from foreign material. Sebaceous gland secretes sebum which decreases skin PH and kills bacteria. White blood cells in skin produce antibodies and kill bacteria
Sensation: As the skin contains many neurons it provides sensory information
Excretion: Sweat glands rid the body of waste products such as ammonia, urea and uric acid
Synthesis of vitamin D: Vitamin D is made in the epidermis when sunlight penetrates it. Keratinocytes have pre vitamin D, which is transformed into vitamin D with he exposure to UV rays. Exposure to sunlight is important to support bone health
Explain the function of the diencephalon
Thalamus functions: Sensory input received from receptors is relayed through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex. Perception of sensations
Hypothalamus: Control of internal environment through neruoendocrine control. heart rate, blood pressure, pituitary gland, body temperature, appetit, thirst, fluid and electrolyte balance, circadian rhythms
Explain the function of the Frontal Lobe
Many aspects of association such as motivation, emotions, problem solving speech. A player uses their frontal lobe when deciding whether to pass the ball or take a shot
Explain the function of the parietal lobe
Somatic sensory and motor areas linked to movement, body awereness, orientation and navigation. In basketball, when a player catches a pass while running, the parietal lobe processes the sense of touch and spatial awereness
Explain the function of the occipital lobe
Visual sensory and association center. Used for example, when watching a silent movie
Explain the function of the temporal lobe
Auditory sensory and association area. In track and field the sprinter reacts to the sound of the starting gun, which is precessed in the temporal lobe
Explain the function of the cerebellum
Coordinate sequences of skeletal muscles contractions, regulate posture and balance, and makes possible all autonomous motor activities. For example, in a gymanst on the beam the cerebellum would be useful for evaluating the execution of a forward roll, smoothing the actions of skills linked together in the routine, and regulating posture and balance when performing a bridge
Explain the function of the brain stem
Respiratory and cardiovascular control. For example: during a long distance running race the brain stem helps regulate breathing rate and heart rate to meet the body´s O2 demands
Explain the function of the cerebrum
Responsible for recieving sensory impulses interpreting and storing input, and initiating a response, and transmitting impulses to effectros. In tennis a player uses the cerebrum to see the incoming ball, decide where to move and how to retrun it, and coordinate the motor response
Explain the function of the limbic lobe
Concerned with assciation processes such as emotion, behaviour, motivation and long-term memory. In gymnastics before performing a difficult routine, the limbic system may trigger anxiety or fear.
Describe the principal source of energy for brain cells
The brain obtains energy from glucose and oxygen. They are used to make ATP inside the brain by the process of aerobic respiration. Because the quantities of glycogen stored in the brain are not sufficient for the brain´s energy requirenments, the supply of glucose has to be continuous. If blood has low oxygen or glucose levels, mental confusion, dizziness, etc may occur
Explain the function of the pineal glands
Produces melatonin and controls circadian rhytms
Explain the function of the thyroid gland
Produces thyroid hormone, controls metabolism
Explain the function of the parathyroid gland
Produces parathyroid hormone, controls calcium metabolism
Explain the function of the pancreas
Produces insulin and glucagon, controls glucose levels
Explain the function of the adrenal glands
Produces adrenalin and cortisol. Controls inflammation and heart rate and breathing rate
Explain the function of the ovaries
Produce estrogen and progesterone, controls menstrual cycle
Explain the function of the testes
Produce testosterone, sperm production and muscle hypertrophy
Outline the role of hormones
Regulate and coordinate a range of bodily functions
Act on specific target cells
what factor determines if circulating hormones wil elicit a response in target organs?
The location of a specific receptor that will bind to a particular hormone
Explain negative feedback with singals from the nervous system
Singals from the nervous system such as a fight or flight response stimulate the adrenal glands which secrete adrenalin to increase breathing rate, heartrate, cardiac otuput, stroke volume and glucos uptake. When the adrenal gland produces adrenalin, and the adrenalin produces its effect, that same effect inhibits adrenalin production
Explain negative feedback with chemical changes in the blood
Chemical changes in the blood such as high glucose levels stimulate the pancreas into producing insulin, to increase glucose uptake and anabolic reactions. This lowers glucose uptake, stimulating the release of glucagon. high glucose levels stimulate the pancreas, which secretes insulin, which increases glucose uptake, which inhibits the pancreas.
Explain negative feedback with signals from another hormone
the pituitary gland´s production of FSh during days 1 to 14 of the mensutrual cycle stimulate the ovaries, which in response produce strogen. its effect is follicle growth and ovulation, which inhibits the pituitary gland
Explain the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Together they are responsible for homeostasis. The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pitutiary gland and since they are close together their relationship is very efficient. Nerve impulses and hormones from the hypothalamus directly influence the pituitary gland stimulating the anterior pituitary which secretes: prolacting, TSH, FSH, LH ACTH, and GH, and stimulating the posterior pituitary gland which secretes oxitocin and ADH for water regulation
