University

Question 1

Quantitative
research

Answer 1

This type of research
gathers numerical
data and analyzes it
via mathematical
methods.

Question 2

Qualitative research

Answer 2

This type of research
gathers non-numerical data and analyzes it through
meaning interpretation.

Question 3

Correlation

Answer 3

If two phenomena
are related in some
way or have some
sort of connection,
they are considered
correlated.

Question 4

Causality

Answer 4

If one phenomenon
is found to affect or
influence another,
they are said to have
a causal relationship

Question 5

Induction

Answer 5

This is a process by
which individual
cases are used to
derive a generalization.

Question 6

Deduction

Answer 6

This is a process by
which a general
premise is applied to
specific, individual
cases.

Question 7

Primary and secondary data

Answer 7

Primary data are
generated for the
investigation, while
secondary data were
originally collected
for a purpose outside the research
project.

Question 8

Experimental investigations

Answer 8

These types of investigations take place
in a planned environment

Question 9

affidavit

Answer 9

A written declaration made under oath before a notary public or other authorized officer.

A written declaration upon oath; a statement of facts in writing signed by the affiant, and sworn to or confirmed by a declaration before a notary public, a magistrate, or other authorized officer.

A sworn statement in writing; a declaration in writing, signed and made upon oath before an authorized magistrate.

Question 10

ethos

Answer 10

Ethos is a Greek word meaning “character” that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology;

Question 11

postulate

Answer 11

To assume or assert the truth, reality, or necessity of, especially as a basis of an argument.
To propose as a hypothesis or explanation.
To assume as a premise or axiom; take for granted.

Question 12

Mertonian norms (CUDOS Principles)

Answer 12

four sets of institutional imperatives taken to comprise the ethos of modern science… communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism

Question 13

Evidence

Answer 13

“the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid”

Question 14

Meta-analysis

Answer 14

A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies. Meta-analytic results are considered the most trustworthy source of evidence by the evidence-based medicine literature

Question 15

Science and research

Answer 15

A complex interconnection of perspectives, a set of logical arguments, experiments and tests that substantiate findings and theories

Question 16

Closed research question

Answer 16

A question about numerically explainable results

Question 17

Open research question

Answer 17

A question about opinions, preferences, attitudes, experiences

Question 18

Scientific paper structure

Answer 18

1. Table of contents
2. List of figures (optional)
3. List of tables (optional)
4. List of abbreviations (if needed)
5. Text part
   5A. Introduction
   5B. Body (theoretical foundations, methods section, own results and discussions)
   5C. Conclusion
6. Bibliography
7. Appendix (if needed)

Question 19

Bibliography

Answer 19

1. The history, identification, or description of writings or publications
2. A list often with descriptive or critical notes of writings relating to a particular subject, period, or author a bibliography of modern poetry
3. The works or a list of the works referred to in a text or consulted by the author in its production

Question 20

Empirical

Answer 20

Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.

Question 21

Citation

Answer 21

A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.

Question 22

Artefact

Answer 22

An object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest.

Question 23

Saturation

Answer 23

In data collection, saturation is said to have been achieved if no new findings are generated despite the inclusion of new data.

Question 24

Plagiarism

Answer 24

The copying or paraphrasing of other people’s work or ideas into your own work without full acknowledgment

Question 25

CRAAP Test

Answer 25

• Currency: Is the information up-to-date?
• Relevance: Is the information important for my question?
• Authority: Who/what is the source of information?
• Accuracy: Has the information been checked for accuracy?
• Purpose: What was the purpose of the information

Question 26

MRO

Answer 26

Maintenance, repair and operations

Question 27

Abridged

Answer 27

shortened by condensing or rewriting

Question 28

Written assignment and research essay structure

Answer 28

1. Introduction
   a. Rationale for chosen topic
   b. Aim of the work
   c. Definition of the topic and research question to be addressed
   d. Overview of structure
2. Body
   a. Identify main points
   b. Explain, discuss, and supplement main statement(s) with additional statements
   c. Draw conclusions from the reasoning (which lead to the next step)
3. Conclusion
   a. Summary of argument
   b. Summary with student’s own conclusions
   c. To what extent has the aim of the work been achieved?
   d. Statement with further open questions and/or perspectives

Question 29

SMART Goals

Answer 29

Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Relevant
Time-related

Question 30

PDCA Cycle

Answer 30

Plan
Do
Check
Act

Question 31

Linchpin

Answer 31

a person or thing vital to an enterprise or organization.

Question 32

Plagiarism

Answer 32

Plagiarism can generally be understood as the unauthorized usage of foreign intellectual property, or rather the theft thereof (Fröhlich, 2006, S. 81) where another’s efforts are presented as one’s own (Schimmel, 2011, S. 5).

Question 33

Ubiquitous

Answer 33

Present, appearing or found everywhere

Question 34

Paradigm

Answer 34

a typical example or pattern of something; a pattern or model.

Question 35

Cohort (statistics)

Answer 35

In statistics, epidemiology, marketing and demography, a cohort is a group of subjects who share a defining characteristic (typically subjects who experienced a common event in a selected time period, such as birth or graduation).

Question 36

Verbatim

Answer 36

in exactly the same words as were used originally

Question 37

Mantra

Answer 37

Hello, this is Bing. A mantra is a word or phrase that is often repeated and that expresses something that people believe in. It can also be a sound, word, or group of words that can have religious, magical, or spiritual powers. Mantra comes from a Sanskrit word meaning a “sacred message or text, charm, spell, counsel”.