Untitled 1 Flashcards
RD (149 cards)
1
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2.1 Name the function of the Federal Register.
A
A daily publication that provides Federal agency regulations, proposed health regulations and schedules of Federal hearing.s
2
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2.2 Name the purpose of the Dietary Guidelines.
A
To prevent chronic disease. They also aid in planning for community nutrition programs.
3
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2.3 Name the foods that must be included in a school breakfast funded by the USDA.
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Milk, fruit or vegetables, 2 breads, or 1 bread and a meat.
4
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2.4 Why would you see decreased serume calcium when serum albumin is low?
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Albumin is a carrier of calcium. Low calcium values do not necessarily mean deficiency during low albumin status due to active calcium not bound to albumin.
5
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2.5 List the enrollment criteria for the WIC program.
A
Low income, nutritional risk. Either pregnant, postpartum (6 mo), lactating (1 year) or child under 5.
6
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2.6 Name the services that the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) provide.
A
Nutrition education to those families with children under the age of 19 who are at greatest nutritional risk and low income.
7
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2.7 The Nutrition and Training Program (NET) provides nutrition education to which population?
A
To teachers and school lunch foodservice workers.
8
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2.8 What is deficient when cracked lips, spoon-shaped nails and easily plucked hair is observed?
A
B vitamins, iron and protein.
9
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2.9 Name the piece of legislation that provides home delivered meals, congregate meals, and nutrition programs for senior citizens.
A
Older Americans Act (AKA Title III). Note that Meals on Wheels is not a government program.
10
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2.10 Describe the population who qualifies for Medicare.
A
People who are over 65 years who have paid Social Security 40 quarters or 10 years.
11
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2.11 Who qualifies for Medicaid?
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Those who are indigent, blind, mentally or physically handicapped.
12
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2.12 Describe the differences in urea and creatinine excretion.
A
Urea excretion is related to protein intake. Creatinine excretion is related to muscle mass.
13
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2.13 Describe the primary goal of the World Health Organization (WHO).
A
To improve the nutritional status of infants and pregnant women.
14
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2.14 Name the primary goal of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
A
Increase the food supply through agriculture.
15
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2.15 Compare surveys with surveillance programs.
A
Surveys are conducted once in a given timeframe. A surveillance program is ongoing or continuous.
16
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2.16 Why would you take iron preparations with meals?
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To avoid gastric distress.
17
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2.17 Name the food restrictions in Judaism.
A
No pork products (gelatin contains pork products), fish must have fins/scales such as cod or halibut (no shellfish, squid, etc.), no meat/poultry or dairy combined in the same meal (i.e. Pepperoni Pizza), no foods containing blood.
18
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2.18 Describe the food practices that Roman Catholics may follow.
A
No meat on Fridays, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. No eating between meals on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. These restrictions do not apply for those who are on therapeutic diets or the elderly.
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2.19 Outline the food practices of those whom are Seventh Day Adventists.
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No pork, no ETOH, no caffeine (coffee, tea, cola), no meat broth.
20
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2.2 What is the main disadvantage of taking anti-depressants?
A
Weight gain and increased appetite.
21
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2.21 List the food limitations of the Mormon populations.
A
No ETOH, no caffeine containing beverages.
22
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2.22 List some frequently eaten foods by the Native American population.
A
A variety of meats, nuts, berries, corn, jerky, maple syrup, tomatoes, and squash. There is a high prevalence of lactose intolerance in this population.
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2.23 Name the report that provides information for the formulation of the “10 Leading Causes of Death in the US”
A
The Surgeon Generals Report. Heart Disease, stroke and cancer are the top three causes of death in this country, and dietary factors play a role in each.
24
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2.24 What medication is affected by sodium consumption?
A
Lithium
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2.25 Compare the fat, protein and CHO content of 1L of human breast milk to that of formula.
Human milk contains 45g fat, 9-11g protein and 70g CHO. Formula contains 33-36g fat, 15g protein and 74-96g CHO.
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2.26 What is the least amount of weight a woman should gain during pregnancy?
15lbs. If a woman is obese (BMI (>29) prior to pregnancy, she should gain between 15-25 lbs during pregnancy.
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2.27 What is the recommended total weight gain for a pregnant woman that is underweight prior to pregnancy?
28-40lbs. Underweight is categorizes as BMI <19.8
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2.28 What nutrients are affected when taking Levodopa?
B6 and protein.
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2.29 What is the total recommended weight gain fro a pregnant woman who was the right weight for height prior to pregnancy?
25-35lbs. Normal weight for height is categorized as BMI 19.8-26.
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2.30 List the 1800 kcal Food Guide Pyramid recommendations.
6oz grains (1/2 whole grains), 2.5 cups vegetables, 1.5 cups fruits, 3 cups dairy, 5 oz meat/poultry, fats and sweets sparingly – each every day. Get oils from fish, nuts and liquid oils such as corn, soybean and canola. Be prepared to compare a day’s menu to the Food Guide Pyramid to identify which food groups are lacking.
31
2.31 Define an entitlement program.
Qualifications of entitlement programs are based on income or other eligibility requirements. School Lunch and Food Stamps are examples of entitlement programs.
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2.32 What is usually the initial problem with HIV/AIDS patients?
Anemia
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2.33 Compare prevalence with incidence.
Prevalence is the number of cases of a disease at a particular time (i.e. 10% of the population has AIDS). Incidence is the number of new cases (i.e. 3000 new causes of HIV reported in 1992).
34
2.34 Describe cost-effectiveness analysis.
Measures the benefit of a program/service in monetary terms. Fore example $1 per point of cholesterol lowered. Usually measured per outcome.
35
2.35 Describe cost-benefit analysis.
Measures the amount of money saved 2* to a program’s outcome. For example, a weight loss program costs $250 to run, but produces $1000 in reduced medical costs (savings), the cost-benefit ratio is 1:4 (cost of program / savings in costs = cost-benefit ratio).
36
2.36 What does SOAP stand for in the Problem Oriented Medical Record PMOR)?
Subjective, Objective Assessment Plan.
37
2.37 List foods that would help increase a Vegan’s iron intake.
Bakes beans, other dried beans, enriched cereals, raisins, etc. The most common food answer on the RD exam is baked beans.
38
2.38 List some common foods eaten by the Mexican-American population.
Corn or flour tortillas, refried beans, peppers, burritos, and rice. If trying to reduce the amount of cholesterol in a Mexican-American’s diet, you would want to recommend plain boiled beans over refried beans.
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2.39 Describe the difference between the symbol U and the symbol K seen on food packages.
U stands for Union of Orthodox Jews. K stands for Rabbi supervised.
40
2.40 What is the first thing a dietitian should do in most clinical and management situations?
Assess and evaluate. On the RD exam, the answer will usually be assess or evaluate if given the choice on any question!
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2.41 Name the groups of people that use very little milk in their diet.
Mexicans, Asians, Native Americans.
42
2.42 Define acculturation.
Occurs when one culture adopts cultural habits of another culture. For example, when Mexicans begin to adopt US eating habits.
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2.43 Describe one factor that the RD needs to consider when obtaining food preferences from patients from a culture other than their own.
Cultural beliefs about certain foods and eating practices. This may cause non acceptance of particular food choices.
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2.44 What is the most important dietary concern with HIV/AIDS patients?
Food safety.
45
2.45 Name the foods that are not acceptable in a vegan diet.
Any type of animal product, this includes eggs, milk, fish, poultry, etc. The vegan diet consists mainly of fruits, vegetables, grains and legumes. Remember gelatin contains pork products.
46
2.46 Name the populations that would most benefit from the use of the Hedonic Scale.
Children and non-English speaking people.
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2.47 Define complimentary proteins.
The various mixing of protein containing foods that provides a total mixture of the essential AAs when eaten in combination. This helps ensure that there is adequate intake of all the essential AAs. Beans and rice for example.
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2.48 What nutrients are most important in HIV/AIDS patients?
Protein and calories.
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2.49 Name the foods that a lactovegetarian would restrict.
Meat, poultry, fish and eggs. Milk and dairy products are allowed in this diet.
50
2.50 Name a calcium rich food that would be a acceptable in a Mexican-American diet.
Broccoli and cheese.
51
2.51 Name a culturally acceptable grain product of the Middle Eastern population.
Bulgur. Rice would be another acceptable answer.
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2.52 An HIV patient has a consistent temperateus of 104 degrees F. What percentage increase would be in the kcals needed to maintain body weight?
Increase 7* for each F over 98.6, and inc. 5* for each C over 37 (answer is 37.8% increase)
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2.53 Name the best possible way to attract low-income teenagers to nutrition education programs.
Through radio advertisements.
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2.54 What population’s diet is often deficient in calcium, iron and vitamin C.
Teenage girls.
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2.55 Why should infants not consume honey for the first year of life?
May cause botulism in infants. The processing process of honey doesn’t ensure the destruction of botulism. The young GI tract of infants may favor the growth of the spores.
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2.56 What is the most influential factor in hypertension?
Obesity. Alcohol is another factor but not the most influential.
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2.57 Discuss the reasons why it is important for infants to not drink from a bottle while lying down.
May cause ear infections and dental caries. This includes not taking a bottle to bed. Sugars from formula and juice collect on teeth and in ear canal providing food for bacteria to grow.
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2.58 Describe the velocity of linear growth of a newborn into teenage years.
Newborns grow at a very rapid rate and slow down with age.
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2.59 Name the most appropriate tool for assessing height and weight measurements in children.
National Center for Health Statistics Percentiles 9NCHS Percentiles)
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2.60 What is the most accurate way to assess food intake?
Calorie count
61
2.61 Name the most appropriate anthropometric parameter that would describe the prevalence of malnutrition amongst the US children.
Height for age.
62
2.62 One of your patients is an 8-year-old who does not eat much meat, what would be the first thin you would assess?
Check iron status: Hgb or Hct. The question may also list that the child eats fruits, vegetables, and milk. In which case you would still assess iron status.
63
2.63 What aids in the absorption of iron from non-heme sources?
Vitamin C. Ascorbic acid helps the absorption of iron because it forms a chelating agent with iron. Drinking orange juice with iron fortified cereals is an example of this effect to promote iron absorption.
64
2.64 What is needed as a supplement when taking Methotrexate?
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
65
2.65 Name the most important anthropometric data when assessing children.
Height and weight.
66
2.66 If an infant has consistently been at the 95th percentile for weight for age, what would you recommend?
Nothing. You would want to wait and see. Abnormal growth parameters fall 95th percentile. You never want to recommend an infant or child to lose weight because it may interfere with linear growth. Children should only slow down rate of weight gain.
67
2.67 At what age do you measure a child’s height standing?
2 years old. When measuring height lying down you must use the birth to 36-months grid and when measuring height standing use the 2-year to 18-year grid. If not, an error in percentiles will occur.
68
2.68 What diet is appropriate for congestive heart failure (CHF)?
2g sodium diet.
69
2.69 Name the vitamin that tends to be low in breast milk.
Vitamin D. A supplement may be recommended.
70
2.70 What is the normal range of percentiles on growth charts for children?
5-95%. If a child falls below or above this range, this is a red flag. When assessing a child’s growth parameters it is important ot note the change in percentile channels.
71
2.71 What weight is a low birth weight?
Under 5.5 pounds (1500-2500grams). Very low birth weight is ≤1500grams
72
2.72 What nutrient should be increased during times of decubitus ulcers?
Protein.
73
2.73 Describe why sugar and food additives do not have proven effects on hyperactive children.
Some studies have proven that giving hyperactive children sugar has a soothing effect.
74
2.74 Name what needs to be assessed if a formula fed child has low iron status.
Assess if the child is on an iron-fortified formula. Normal Hgb is 11.2
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2.75 Describe the feeling guidelines for formula fed newborn infants.
Generally six to eight feedings per day, 3 oz per feeding.
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2.76 What would be decreased in bedridden patients?
Calcium and nitrogen.
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2.77 Name the best way to introduce a new food to a group of children.
With an activity. It is also helpful to get children involved in food preparation.
78
2.78 Until what age should children drink whole milk?
2 years old. Children 2 years and under need the fat in whole milk for proper growth and development.
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2.79 Name the best indicator of proper growth and development in children.
Regular and consistent increments of growth as reflected on the growth charts.
80
2.80 How long can an enteral formula be refrigerated after opening?
48 hours
81
2.81 Name the most prevalent nutrition related problems among American children.
Obesity, anemia and dental caries. There is an excess of sugar and fat in children’s diets. While iron rich foods are not emphasized.
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2.82 Name the problematic nutrient that interferes with iron absorption.
Calcium. Excess milk consumption frequently causes iron deficiency anemia in children.
83
2.83 When plotting wt and ht measurements on growth charts and it appears that a patient has decreased several percentiles it is important to check what first?
Accuracy of the plotted points, and accuracy of the measurements.
84
2.84 Name the initial reaction during the acute phase response (trauma).
Hypermetabolism.
85
2.85 Name the most important foods that can be recommended to infants 6 to 12 months with low iron.
Iron fortified formula, infant cereal. For the first 6 months of life, baby gets iron stores from maternal blood. After 6 months high iron foods aid in the production of baby’s own iron stores.
86
2.86 At what age are table foods recommended to be first given to infants?
4 to 7 months.
87
2.87 Name the best type of milk you should recommend to a breast feeding mom who is looking to supplement.
Infant formula with iron. Within the first year of life, and infant should drink breast milk and/or formula. Cow’s milk is not recommended until 1 year of age.
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2.88 What is the dietitians biggest concern with complications of tube feedings?
Diarrhea. Medication is the #1 cause of diarrhea in tube fed patients.
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2.89 Should a bottle be used to quiet or pacify a crying baby?
No. An infant or child should only eat on demand. Food should not be used as a reward or to pacify
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2.90 Name the most effective tool to assess an infant or child’s dietary intake.
A three-day food record.
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2.91 Name the most commonly seen indicator of malnutrition in the US.
Low iron status levels. Indicated by a low Hgb or Hct level.
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2.92 Name the amino acid that has been reported to aid healing in TPN patients.
Glutamine.
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2.93 Name the most dangerous ramification of pica seen in children.
Lead poisoning.
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2.94 Describe the growth pattern seen in growth retardation.
As age increases, increments of linear growth are slowed. That is, when plotted on growth charts, height for age decreases slowly over time.
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2.95 Name the most important anthropometric indicator of failure to thrive.
Weight for height.
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2.96 What causes a fatty liver in TPN patients?
Excess dextrose.
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2.97 Define a low cariogenic value food.
Foods that are low in sugar. For example a grilled cheese sandwich.
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2.98 Name the criteria for the Congregate Meals Program.
60 years or older, no income criteria, only one member of a couple must qualify. Also called Title III.
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2.99 List three common nutritionally related disease states among the elderly.
Obesity, Osteoporosis, High blood pressure. Osteoporosis is the greatest risk for an elderly white woman.
100
2.100 What is the best way to assess if a tube feeding is working?
Prealbumin
101
2.101 List three considerations when planning for a nutrition program for the elderly.
Transportation, food myths, lack of exercise. Elderly are prone to buy into fad diets.
102
2.102 Name the most effective tool for assessing the nutritional status of the elderly population.
Height and weight.
103
2.103 List the most common reasons for weight gain amongst the US adult population.
Sedentary lifestyle, overeating, modern day conveniences replacing energy expending activities. Over the age 65 lack of exercise is the #1 reason for weight gain.
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2.104 How does exercise affect blood sugar?
Decreases blood sugar.
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2.105 Name the NHANES population surveyed.
2 months to 74 years old
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2.106 Describe the appropriate rate of weight gain during pregnancy.
Weight gain slow during the 1st trimester (2-4lbs) and increases in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (1lb per week).
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2.107 List the two most common nutrients that are supplemented during pregnancy.
Folatic acid and iron.
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2.108 What is produced after a period of long starvation and in uncontrolled diabetes.
Ketones (ketone bodies). Used in place of glucose in the brain.
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2.109 A pregnant vegan’s diet may lack in which nutrients?
Calcium, B12 and Zinc.
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2.110 Name the nutrients needed to be supplemented if a woman who was taking oral contraceptives became pregnant.
Folic Acid and B6.
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2.111 Name the only circumstance when it is advised for pregnant women to lose weight.
Never. If a pregnant woman is overweight the dietitian to council the pt on how to slow the rate of weight gain, but never to lose weight.
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2.112 With diabetes, how is insulin altered on sick days (fever)?
Increase insulin.
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2.113 Define colostrum.
Is the milk that is produced just prior to and after childbirth, it is rich in antibodies. Breast fed babies receive within the first 24 hours of life.
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2.114 When would it be advised for a breast-feeding mom to stop breast-feeding due to medications.
Never, the mother should first consult with physicians to find out what medications are safe. If a mom is HIV+ it is not recommended that she breast feed.
115
2.115 Describe what happens when formula is heated in the microwave.
There is risk of burning the infant 2* to uneven heating of the milk.
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2.116 What is a result of ketosis?
Incomplete fatty acid oxidation and a depletion of sodium and potassium.
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2.117 Describe the feeding regime for breast-fed infant.
On demand.
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2.118 Name the nutrient needs that increase during lactation.
Protein and kcals.
119
2.119 If patients receive incorrect nutritional information from physicians, name the first step the dietitian should take.
Consult physician.
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2.120 Why do bulemics often have tooth decay?
Gastric juices decay teeth from excessive vomiting.
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2.121 Name the method of infant feeding promoted by the WIC Program.
Breast feeding. Income and education level are positively correlated to breast feeding rates.
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2.122 Name the hormone that stimulates the production of breast milk.
Prolactin. Oxytocin stimulates the let-down reflex of milk.
123
2.123 What is the maximum amount of hours prepared formula can be refrigerated?
24 hours
124
2.124 Aside from advice from a dietitian, what else should an anorexic patient be getting?
Psychiatric counseling.
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2.125 Name the population who is at greatest risk during pregnancy?
Teens. An overweight, underweight or anemia teen is more at risk than an adult with the same problems.
126
2.126 When planning a community nutrition program, with whom is it best to collaborate?
Similar programs and populations. WIC and Head Start often collaborate because they both serve the child population.
127
2.127 List the criteria for enrollment into the Food Stamp Program.
Income. Income guidelines are based on the Thrift Food Plan.
128
2.128 What is the best diet for peptic ulcer disease?
The diet as tolerated by the patient
129
2.129 List the requirements for participation in the school lunch program.
Family income.
130
2.130 Define DRG (Diagnostic Related Group)
Assign fixed costs and lengths of hospital stay to specific illnesses. Also called Prospective Payment System. Stem from medicare.
131
2.131 Compare WIC and Food Stamp Programs
WIC provides nutrition education, Food Stamps does not. WIC provides vouchers for certain foods, Food a provides a wider range of foods. WIC only serves pregnant and lactating women, infants and children. Food Stamps serves those 18 years and older. Both are funded by the USDA.
132
2.132 What is removed in a gastrectomy?
All or part of the stomach.
133
2.133 Describe who is responsible for 1st, 2nd and 3rd party reimbursement.
1st party: the user or purchaser. 2nd party: the provider. 3rd party: the insurance company and the patient’s family.
134
3.3 Name the four basic parts of a research study and describe each.
Introduction – reviews the lit and gives a brief outline of the study; method – describes how data was obtained through research design; results – the outcome of the study and statistical analysis; discussion and conclusions – describes relationship between the hypothesis and the results including significance of the study.
135
3.5 Name the three learning domains and describe each.
Cognitive – memory and problem solving. Psychomotor – physical manipulation or movement. Affective – emotion and attitudes.
136
3.4 Define mean, median and mode.
Mean: mathematical average of scores. Median: score located at the midpoint. Mode: score that occurs most frequently.
137
3.10 Define the counseling skill of Probing.
Active response of counselor. Questioning technique encourages ct elaborate to obtain information. Open-ended questions that being with what, when, how, where, etc.
138
3.12 Define the counseling skill of Attributing.
Active response from counselor. Encouraging ct’s potential for being successful in a designated activity.
139
3.16 List some verbs that can be considered measurable terms for use in goals and objectives.
Discuss, Apply, Compare and Illustrate. Understand and comprehend are NOT considered measurable.
140
3.17 Define the counseling skill of Self-disclosure.
Active counselor response in which counselor shares information about himself to provide a more open atmosphere.
141
3.18 What is the advantage of the Formal Lecture method in education?
Allows for the most material to be covered in the shortest amount of time.
142
3.20 Name the least effective way to learn.
Self-instruction modules that are done on ones own time.
143
3.22 Describe the correlation coefficient.
-1.0 and 1.0 associated with the strongest correlation. As the correlation gets closer to zero it become weaker.
144
3.24 Describe the Delphi Technique.
Utilizes three surveys to get the group to come to an agreement.
145
3.25 Name the benefit of a nondirective interview.
Ct allowed to answer questions freely and more information can be derived.
146
3.26 Name the reading level that most nutrition education material is written.
8th grade.
147
3.27 Contrast the benefits between written vs. oral communication.
Written communication provides a record for documentation and can be legally binding but response time is slower. Oral communication provides for more rapid response but is not legally biding.
148
3.29 Describe the null hypothesis.
States that there is not a significant relationship between the control and experimental groups.
149
3.30 What level is the p-value considered significant?
≤0.05
