Untitled Deck

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of organisms’ physical structures.

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of the functions of organisms’ structures.

Question 3

Adaptations

Answer 3

Heritable traits that improve the chances of an organism surviving and reproducing in an environment.

Question 4

Acclimatization

Answer 4

Short-term ability to adapt to changes in the environment.

Question 5

Fitness trade-offs

Answer 5

Limit to an organism’s ability to adapt to its environment due to finite energy capacity.

Question 6

Energetic demands

Answer 6

Require cost/benefit compromise for energy investment in adaptations.

Question 7

Tissue

Answer 7

Group of cells that carry out a specific function.

Question 8

Organ

Answer 8

Structure composed of tissues that carries out a specialized function.

Question 9

Organ system

Answer 9

Group of organs working in concert to perform a specific function.

Question 10

Germ layers

Answer 10

Embryonic tissues that form following gastrulation.

Question 11

Ectoderm

Answer 11

Outer layer of cells that form nerves, adrenal medulla, skin, brain, eyes, and inner ear.

Question 12

Mesoderm

Answer 12

Internal cells that give rise to organs, adrenal cortex, blood, bone, gonads, and the soft tissues.

Question 13

Endoderm

Answer 13

Innermost cells that form the epithelial linings of the digestive tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs.

Question 14

Nervous tissue

Answer 14

Derived from the ectoderm.

Question 15

Muscle tissue

Answer 15

Derived from the mesoderm.

Question 16

Connective tissue

Answer 16

Derived from the mesoderm.

Question 17

Epithelial tissue

Answer 17

Derived from endoderm and ectoderm.

Question 18

Extracellular matrix

Answer 18

Array of proteins and ground substance, a gel-like substance.

Question 19

Loose connective tissue

Answer 19

Helps hold organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue.

Question 20

Adipose tissue

Answer 20

Made mostly of adipocytes, or fat cells.

Question 21

Dense (fibrous) connective tissue

Answer 21

Tissue dense with collagen fibers.

Question 22

Tendons

Answer 22

Connects muscle to bone.

Question 23

Ligaments

Answer 23

Connects bone to bone.

Question 24

Supportive connective tissue

Answer 24

Forms hard extracellular matrix, bone and cartilage provide structural integrity.

Question 25

Fluid connective tissue

Answer 25

Blood, cells have a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma.

Question 26

Neurons

Answer 26

Receive and transmit electrical signals by transporting ions across the membrane.

Question 27

Axons

Answer 27

Long thin structure that transmits the electric signal, similar to a wire.

Question 28

Dendrites

Answer 28

Branched structure that receives signals and responds to them.

Question 29

Glia

Answer 29

Support cells for neurons, essential to their survival and proper functioning.

Question 30

Skeletal muscle

Answer 30

Attached to bone, used for locomotion and posture.

Question 31

Cardiac muscle

Answer 31

Only found in the heart, used to contract heart and pump blood.

Question 32

Smooth muscle

Answer 32

Found in the walls of organs and vasculature.

Question 33

Apical side

Answer 33

Faces toward the exterior environment.

Question 34

Basal side

Answer 34

Faces the interior of the animal.

Question 35

Basal lamina

Answer 35

Extracellular matrix on basal side that the epithelium sits on.

Question 36

Body size and functions

Answer 36

Constrained by physics, larger animals require thicker skeletons and bigger muscles.

Question 37

Surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)

Answer 37

Determines the physiology of an animal and its cells.

Question 38

Bioenergetics

Answer 38

Energy flow through living systems, related to animal's size and metabolism.

Question 39

Metabolism

Answer 39

Chemical processes of an organism that sustain life.

Question 40

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 40

Minimum energy consumption rate at rest for endotherms.

Question 41

Standard Metabolic Rate

Answer 41

Minimum energy consumption rate at rest for ectotherms.

Question 42

Metabolic Rate

Answer 42

Rate of energy consumption by an organism.

Question 43

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 43

Daily cycles causing physiological and metabolic fluctuations.

Question 44

Torpor

Answer 44

Short-term decreased physiological activity and metabolism.

Question 45

Hibernation

Answer 45

Inactivity and depressed metabolism to conserve energy.

Question 46

Homeostasis

Answer 46

Regulation to maintain a near-constant physiological state.

Question 47

Conformation

Answer 47

Organisms conform to environmental conditions without regulation.

Question 48

Regulation

Answer 48

Active control of internal environment against external changes.

Question 49

Set Point

Answer 49

Target range for maintaining homeostatic conditions.

Question 50

Sensor

Answer 50

Detects stimuli related to homeostatic properties.

Question 51

Integrator

Answer 51

Evaluates sensory information to determine responses.

Question 52

Effector

Answer 52

Generates responses to restore homeostasis.

Question 53

Negative Feedback

Answer 53

Output reduces system's output to maintain balance.

Question 54

Positive Feedback

Answer 54

Output increases system's output, enhancing processes.

Question 55

Nervous System

Answer 55

Transmits and receives information throughout the body.

Question 56

Endocrine System

Answer 56

Hormone-secreting glands sending signals in the body.

Question 57

Hypothalamus

Answer 57

Coordinates autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.

Question 58

Thermoregulation

Answer 58

Regulation of body temperature within a specific range.

Question 59

Endothermic

Answer 59

Body heat generated internally by metabolism.

Question 60

Ectothermic

Answer 60

Body heat obtained externally from the environment.

Question 61

Homeotherms

Answer 61

Maintain constant body temperature regardless of environment.

Question 62

Poikilotherms

Answer 62

Body temperature varies significantly with environment.

Question 63

Heterotherms

Answer 63

Utilize both homeothermic and poikilothermic strategies.

Question 64

Integumentary System

Answer 64

Organ system composed of skin, hair, and nails.

Question 65

Vasoconstriction

Answer 65

Reduces heat loss by narrowing blood vessels.

Question 66

Vasodilation

Answer 66

Increases heat loss by widening blood vessels.

Question 67

Countercurrent Exchange

Answer 67

Antiparallel flow for heat conservation in extremities.